采用快速共沉淀法合成了立方体的层状无钴富锂固溶体正极材料0.6Li2MnO3-0.4LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2.通过X射线衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),电感耦合等离子体(ICP),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM)及电性能测试等手段对材料进行了...采用快速共沉淀法合成了立方体的层状无钴富锂固溶体正极材料0.6Li2MnO3-0.4LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2.通过X射线衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),电感耦合等离子体(ICP),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM)及电性能测试等手段对材料进行了表征.结果表明,材料具有典型的α-Na Fe O2六方层状晶体结构且具有与目标材料相似的化学组成.SEM和TEM结果表明,材料由粒径为40–200 nm的纳米颗粒组装成立方体结构.在文中给出了一个立方团聚体可能的形成机理.电化学性能测试(2.0–4.8 V电压范围内(vs Li/Li+))显示该材料具有优异的倍率性能,0.1C和10C倍率下的放电比容量分别是243和143 m Ah g–1.此外,该材料具有良好的循环稳定性,即使在大倍率测试后,0.5C倍率下循环72次仍显示出90.7%的高容量保持率.这种具有简易操作步骤和优异结果的共沉淀方法是一种经济的能够促进锂离子电池正极材料大规模应用的技术手段.展开更多
基于中国台湾地区主持的侵台台风之飞机侦察及下投式探空仪观测实验(Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the Taiwan Region,DOTSTAR)获得的高分辨率下投式探空仪探测资料,分析了2003年9月—2012年8月所有发生...基于中国台湾地区主持的侵台台风之飞机侦察及下投式探空仪观测实验(Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the Taiwan Region,DOTSTAR)获得的高分辨率下投式探空仪探测资料,分析了2003年9月—2012年8月所有发生在中国台湾地区附近海域的台风型大气波导事件,遴选出一次由0920号超强台风"卢碧"引起的强台风型海上大气波导过程作为研究对象。利用欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)再分析资料(水平分辨率0.125°×0.125°),对此次波导的生成原因进行了分析;基于WRF模式比较了不同初始化方法对台风强度、尺度和周围台风型大气波导的模拟能力。结果表明,此次强台风型大气波导发生在台风环流西北侧外围的弱下沉运动区,其形成与850 hPa高度附近北方强干空气平流导致湿度随高度锐减密切相关。在数值模拟中运用台风动力初始化方法,可以有效改进台风强度、路径和尺度的模拟效果,进而有利于改善台风型大气波导尤其是波导层所在高度的模拟效果。台风外围出现的大气波导通常以悬空波导为主,模拟效果与台风螺旋雨带和内核尺度的模拟关系密切,而与台风强度和眼墙结构关系不大。中尺度数值模式WRF具有模拟台风型大气波导的能力,是研究台风型大气波导的有力手段。展开更多
Axisymmetric bogus vortexes at sea level are usually used in the traditional bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme. In the traditional scheme, the vortex could not accurately describe the specific characteristics of a ...Axisymmetric bogus vortexes at sea level are usually used in the traditional bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme. In the traditional scheme, the vortex could not accurately describe the specific characteristics of a typhoon, and the evolving real typhoon is forced to unreasonably adapt to this changeless vortex. For this reason, an asymmetrical typhoon bogus method with information blended from the analysis and the observation is put forward in this paper, in which the impact of the Subtropical High is also taken into consideration. With the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) and its adjoint model, a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) technique is employed to build a dynamic asymmetrical BDA scheme to assimilate different asymmetrical bogus vortexes at different time. The track and intensity of six summer typhoons much influenced by the Subtropical High are simulated and the results are compared. It is shown that the improvement in track simulation in the new scheme is more significant than that in the traditional scheme. Moreover, the periods for which the track cannot be simulated well by the traditional scheme can be improved with the new scheme. The results also reveal that although the simulated typhoon intensity in the new scheme is generally weaker than that in the traditional scheme, this trend enables the new scheme to simulate, in the later period, closer-to-observation intensity than the traditional scheme. However, despite the fact that the observed intensity has been largely weakened, the simulated intensity at later periods of the BDA schemes is still very intensive, resulting in overly development of the typhoon during the simulation. The limitation to the simulation effect of the BDA scheme due to this condition needs to be further studied.展开更多
FY-3C Microwave Temperature SounderⅡ(MWTS-Ⅱ)lacks observations at 23.8 GHz,31 GHz and 89 GHz,making it difficult to remove the data contaminated by precipitation in assimilation.In this paper,a fast forward operator...FY-3C Microwave Temperature SounderⅡ(MWTS-Ⅱ)lacks observations at 23.8 GHz,31 GHz and 89 GHz,making it difficult to remove the data contaminated by precipitation in assimilation.In this paper,a fast forward operator based on the Community Radiative Transfer Model(CRTM)was used to analyze the relationship between the observation minus background simulation(O-B)and the cloud fractions in different MWTS-Ⅱchannels.In addition,based on the community Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation(GSI)system,the radiation brightness temperature of the MWTS-Ⅱwas assimilated in the regional Numerical Weather Prediction(NWP)model.In the process of assimilation,Visible and Infrared Radiometer(VIRR)cloud detection products were matched to MWTS-Ⅱpixels for precipitation detection.For typhoon No.18 in 2014,impact tests of MWTS-Ⅱdata assimilation was carried out.The results show that,though the bias observation minus analysis(O-A)of assimilated data can be reduced by quality control only with|O-B|<3 K;however,the O-A becomes much smaller while the precipitation detection is performed with Fvirr<0.9(VIRR cloud fraction threshold of 0.9).Besides,the change of the environmental field around the typhoon is more conducive to make the simulated track closer to the observation.The 72-hour typhoon track simulation error also shows that,after the precipitation detection,the error of simulated typhoon track is significantly reduced,which reflects the validity of a precipitation detection method based on a double criterion of|O-B|<3 K and Fvirr<0.9.展开更多
文摘采用快速共沉淀法合成了立方体的层状无钴富锂固溶体正极材料0.6Li2MnO3-0.4LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2.通过X射线衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),电感耦合等离子体(ICP),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM)及电性能测试等手段对材料进行了表征.结果表明,材料具有典型的α-Na Fe O2六方层状晶体结构且具有与目标材料相似的化学组成.SEM和TEM结果表明,材料由粒径为40–200 nm的纳米颗粒组装成立方体结构.在文中给出了一个立方团聚体可能的形成机理.电化学性能测试(2.0–4.8 V电压范围内(vs Li/Li+))显示该材料具有优异的倍率性能,0.1C和10C倍率下的放电比容量分别是243和143 m Ah g–1.此外,该材料具有良好的循环稳定性,即使在大倍率测试后,0.5C倍率下循环72次仍显示出90.7%的高容量保持率.这种具有简易操作步骤和优异结果的共沉淀方法是一种经济的能够促进锂离子电池正极材料大规模应用的技术手段.
文摘基于中国台湾地区主持的侵台台风之飞机侦察及下投式探空仪观测实验(Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the Taiwan Region,DOTSTAR)获得的高分辨率下投式探空仪探测资料,分析了2003年9月—2012年8月所有发生在中国台湾地区附近海域的台风型大气波导事件,遴选出一次由0920号超强台风"卢碧"引起的强台风型海上大气波导过程作为研究对象。利用欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)再分析资料(水平分辨率0.125°×0.125°),对此次波导的生成原因进行了分析;基于WRF模式比较了不同初始化方法对台风强度、尺度和周围台风型大气波导的模拟能力。结果表明,此次强台风型大气波导发生在台风环流西北侧外围的弱下沉运动区,其形成与850 hPa高度附近北方强干空气平流导致湿度随高度锐减密切相关。在数值模拟中运用台风动力初始化方法,可以有效改进台风强度、路径和尺度的模拟效果,进而有利于改善台风型大气波导尤其是波导层所在高度的模拟效果。台风外围出现的大气波导通常以悬空波导为主,模拟效果与台风螺旋雨带和内核尺度的模拟关系密切,而与台风强度和眼墙结构关系不大。中尺度数值模式WRF具有模拟台风型大气波导的能力,是研究台风型大气波导的有力手段。
基金Natural Science Foundation of China (10871099 40805046+2 种基金 40830958)Specialized Projects of Public Welfare Industry (Meteorological Sector) (GYH(QX)2007-6-15)973 Program of National Key Foundamental Research and Development (2009CB421502)
文摘Axisymmetric bogus vortexes at sea level are usually used in the traditional bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme. In the traditional scheme, the vortex could not accurately describe the specific characteristics of a typhoon, and the evolving real typhoon is forced to unreasonably adapt to this changeless vortex. For this reason, an asymmetrical typhoon bogus method with information blended from the analysis and the observation is put forward in this paper, in which the impact of the Subtropical High is also taken into consideration. With the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) and its adjoint model, a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) technique is employed to build a dynamic asymmetrical BDA scheme to assimilate different asymmetrical bogus vortexes at different time. The track and intensity of six summer typhoons much influenced by the Subtropical High are simulated and the results are compared. It is shown that the improvement in track simulation in the new scheme is more significant than that in the traditional scheme. Moreover, the periods for which the track cannot be simulated well by the traditional scheme can be improved with the new scheme. The results also reveal that although the simulated typhoon intensity in the new scheme is generally weaker than that in the traditional scheme, this trend enables the new scheme to simulate, in the later period, closer-to-observation intensity than the traditional scheme. However, despite the fact that the observed intensity has been largely weakened, the simulated intensity at later periods of the BDA schemes is still very intensive, resulting in overly development of the typhoon during the simulation. The limitation to the simulation effect of the BDA scheme due to this condition needs to be further studied.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(41505082)Special Scientific Research Fund of Meteorology in the Public Welfare Profession of China(GYHY201506002,GYHY201506022)
文摘FY-3C Microwave Temperature SounderⅡ(MWTS-Ⅱ)lacks observations at 23.8 GHz,31 GHz and 89 GHz,making it difficult to remove the data contaminated by precipitation in assimilation.In this paper,a fast forward operator based on the Community Radiative Transfer Model(CRTM)was used to analyze the relationship between the observation minus background simulation(O-B)and the cloud fractions in different MWTS-Ⅱchannels.In addition,based on the community Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation(GSI)system,the radiation brightness temperature of the MWTS-Ⅱwas assimilated in the regional Numerical Weather Prediction(NWP)model.In the process of assimilation,Visible and Infrared Radiometer(VIRR)cloud detection products were matched to MWTS-Ⅱpixels for precipitation detection.For typhoon No.18 in 2014,impact tests of MWTS-Ⅱdata assimilation was carried out.The results show that,though the bias observation minus analysis(O-A)of assimilated data can be reduced by quality control only with|O-B|<3 K;however,the O-A becomes much smaller while the precipitation detection is performed with Fvirr<0.9(VIRR cloud fraction threshold of 0.9).Besides,the change of the environmental field around the typhoon is more conducive to make the simulated track closer to the observation.The 72-hour typhoon track simulation error also shows that,after the precipitation detection,the error of simulated typhoon track is significantly reduced,which reflects the validity of a precipitation detection method based on a double criterion of|O-B|<3 K and Fvirr<0.9.
