NH_(3)作为一种必需的活化氮源,在化肥、染料、爆炸物和药物等的制造中起到了关键作用;同时,它也是一种在交通运输领域具有吸引力的无碳能源载体.工业上生产氨气使用典型的哈伯-博世工艺,但是此工艺涉及大量的能源消耗和碳排放,给环境...NH_(3)作为一种必需的活化氮源,在化肥、染料、爆炸物和药物等的制造中起到了关键作用;同时,它也是一种在交通运输领域具有吸引力的无碳能源载体.工业上生产氨气使用典型的哈伯-博世工艺,但是此工艺涉及大量的能源消耗和碳排放,给环境带来巨大的压力.电化学氮还原反应(NRR)能够在温和环境下实现环境友好、节能的氨合成,但此过程需要高效的电催化剂.高效的NRR催化剂(Au、Ag、Pd和Ru)储量少、成本高,阻碍了它的实际应用.因此,设计和开发由地球上丰富的元素制成的具有成本效益的催化剂来代替NRR催化剂意义重大.本课题组最近的研究(Chem.Commun.,2018,54,12966-12969)表明,SnO2在环境条件下具有电催化氧化活性,但其低电导率限制了其性能,可通过氟掺杂或石墨烯杂化予以解决.氧化铟锡(ITO)作为一种含SnO2的材料,导电性好,可望用于NRR的高效电催化剂中.因此,本文采用商用氧化铟锡玻璃(ITO/G)作为催化剂电极,在温和环境条件下进行N_(2)-NH_(3)的电化学转化,并呈现出对生成氨气有较高的选择性.XRD和XPS结果表示,商用ITO/G中存在In,Sn和O元素;SEM显示ITO/G具有清晰的纳米薄膜结构和267 nm的截面厚度;相应的EDX谱图显示In,Sn和O元素分布均匀,且原子比为32.11:3.16:64.74.采用紫外-可见光谱及线性扫描伏安和恒电位极化等电化学测试研究了商用ITO/G的NRR活性.在0.5 M LiClO4电解液中测试时,于-0.40 V vs.RHE条件下,ITO/G的NH_(3)产率为1.06×10^(-10) mol s^(-1) cm^(-2),其法拉第效率为6.17%.15N同位素标记实验证实了所测到的NH_(3)是由ITO/G催化的N_(2)电还原反应生成的.利用第一性原理计算探讨了在ITO催化剂上可能的NRR反应机理,确定了ITO催化剂的NRR活性位点、N_(2)化学吸附活性位点以及NRR的反应途径.此外,24 h恒电位(-0.40 V vs.RHE)极化测试和2 h恒电位极化(-0.40 V vs.RHE)测试后的XRD和SEM结果表明,该催化剂具有较高的电化学稳定性.综上所述,商用ITO/G用作在环境条件下将N_(2)转化为NH_(3)的有效催化剂电极,将为开发人工固定氮气的ITO基纳米结构提供一种研究途径.展开更多
The distribution of He in η-Fe2C has been studied by first-principles calculations.The formation energies of interstitial He and substitutional He(replacing Fe) are 3.76 eV and 3.49 eV,respectively,which are remark...The distribution of He in η-Fe2C has been studied by first-principles calculations.The formation energies of interstitial He and substitutional He(replacing Fe) are 3.76 eV and 3.49 eV,respectively,which are remarkably smaller than those in bcc Fe,indicating that He is more soluble in η-Fe2C than in bcc Fe.The binding potencies of both a substitutionalinterstitial He pair(1.28 eV) and a substitutional-substitutional He pair(0.76 eV) are significantly weaker than those in bcc Fe.The binding energy between the two He atoms in an interstitial-interstitial He pair(0.31 eV) is the same as that in bcc Fe,but the diffusion barrier of interstitial He(0.35 eV) is much larger than that in bcc Fe,suggesting that it is more difficult for the interstitial He atom to agglomerate in η-Fe2C than in bcc Fe.Thus,self-trapping of He in η-Fe2C is less powerful than that in bcc Fe.As a consequence,small and dense η-Fe2C particles in ferritic steels might serve as scattered trapping centers for He,slow down He bubble growth at the initial stage,and make the steel more swelling resistant.展开更多
本文采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,并同时考虑范德华力的作用,计算并分析了CO在Cu(110)表面的吸附情况.结果表明:1)CO在两个表面Cu原子的短桥位位置吸附最强,吸附能为1.28 e V.第二稳定吸附位置为表面Cu原子的顶位,吸附能为1.2...本文采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,并同时考虑范德华力的作用,计算并分析了CO在Cu(110)表面的吸附情况.结果表明:1)CO在两个表面Cu原子的短桥位位置吸附最强,吸附能为1.28 e V.第二稳定吸附位置为表面Cu原子的顶位,吸附能为1.23 e V.CO在其他两个位置,表面两个Cu的长桥位和表面四个Cu的中心位的吸附要弱一些,约为0.86 e V和0.83 e V.2)在Cu表面吸附的CO的C-O键长有部分拉长,这与较强的吸附能和电荷转移相应.3)电荷分析表明所有吸附的CO整体上从衬底上面获得部分电荷,约为0.2个电荷.展开更多
To investigate the effects of chlorine on the Au/ceria catalysts,the adsorption of gold or chlorine and their coadsorpiton on the stoichiometric and partially reduced CeO2(111) surfaces are studied from the first pr...To investigate the effects of chlorine on the Au/ceria catalysts,the adsorption of gold or chlorine and their coadsorpiton on the stoichiometric and partially reduced CeO2(111) surfaces are studied from the first principles.It is found that the adsorption of Au is significantly enhanced by the chlorine preadsorption on the stoichiometric CeO2(111) surface;while on the partially reduced CeO2(111) surface,the preadsorbed chlorine inhabits the oxygen vacancy(which is the preferred adsorption site for gold),leading to a CeOCl phase and the dramatical weakening of the Au adsorption.Therefore,chlorine on the CeO2(111) surface can affect the Au adsorption thus the activity of the Au/CeO2 catalyst.展开更多
文摘NH_(3)作为一种必需的活化氮源,在化肥、染料、爆炸物和药物等的制造中起到了关键作用;同时,它也是一种在交通运输领域具有吸引力的无碳能源载体.工业上生产氨气使用典型的哈伯-博世工艺,但是此工艺涉及大量的能源消耗和碳排放,给环境带来巨大的压力.电化学氮还原反应(NRR)能够在温和环境下实现环境友好、节能的氨合成,但此过程需要高效的电催化剂.高效的NRR催化剂(Au、Ag、Pd和Ru)储量少、成本高,阻碍了它的实际应用.因此,设计和开发由地球上丰富的元素制成的具有成本效益的催化剂来代替NRR催化剂意义重大.本课题组最近的研究(Chem.Commun.,2018,54,12966-12969)表明,SnO2在环境条件下具有电催化氧化活性,但其低电导率限制了其性能,可通过氟掺杂或石墨烯杂化予以解决.氧化铟锡(ITO)作为一种含SnO2的材料,导电性好,可望用于NRR的高效电催化剂中.因此,本文采用商用氧化铟锡玻璃(ITO/G)作为催化剂电极,在温和环境条件下进行N_(2)-NH_(3)的电化学转化,并呈现出对生成氨气有较高的选择性.XRD和XPS结果表示,商用ITO/G中存在In,Sn和O元素;SEM显示ITO/G具有清晰的纳米薄膜结构和267 nm的截面厚度;相应的EDX谱图显示In,Sn和O元素分布均匀,且原子比为32.11:3.16:64.74.采用紫外-可见光谱及线性扫描伏安和恒电位极化等电化学测试研究了商用ITO/G的NRR活性.在0.5 M LiClO4电解液中测试时,于-0.40 V vs.RHE条件下,ITO/G的NH_(3)产率为1.06×10^(-10) mol s^(-1) cm^(-2),其法拉第效率为6.17%.15N同位素标记实验证实了所测到的NH_(3)是由ITO/G催化的N_(2)电还原反应生成的.利用第一性原理计算探讨了在ITO催化剂上可能的NRR反应机理,确定了ITO催化剂的NRR活性位点、N_(2)化学吸附活性位点以及NRR的反应途径.此外,24 h恒电位(-0.40 V vs.RHE)极化测试和2 h恒电位极化(-0.40 V vs.RHE)测试后的XRD和SEM结果表明,该催化剂具有较高的电化学稳定性.综上所述,商用ITO/G用作在环境条件下将N_(2)转化为NH_(3)的有效催化剂电极,将为开发人工固定氮气的ITO基纳米结构提供一种研究途径.
基金Project supported by the Research Key Project of Science and Technology of Education Bureau of Henan Province,China(Grant Nos.14A140030,15A140032,15B150010,and 15A430037)the Innovation Talents Program of Science and Technology of Institution of Higher Education of Henan Province,China(Grant No.14HASTIT044)
文摘The distribution of He in η-Fe2C has been studied by first-principles calculations.The formation energies of interstitial He and substitutional He(replacing Fe) are 3.76 eV and 3.49 eV,respectively,which are remarkably smaller than those in bcc Fe,indicating that He is more soluble in η-Fe2C than in bcc Fe.The binding potencies of both a substitutionalinterstitial He pair(1.28 eV) and a substitutional-substitutional He pair(0.76 eV) are significantly weaker than those in bcc Fe.The binding energy between the two He atoms in an interstitial-interstitial He pair(0.31 eV) is the same as that in bcc Fe,but the diffusion barrier of interstitial He(0.35 eV) is much larger than that in bcc Fe,suggesting that it is more difficult for the interstitial He atom to agglomerate in η-Fe2C than in bcc Fe.Thus,self-trapping of He in η-Fe2C is less powerful than that in bcc Fe.As a consequence,small and dense η-Fe2C particles in ferritic steels might serve as scattered trapping centers for He,slow down He bubble growth at the initial stage,and make the steel more swelling resistant.
文摘本文采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,并同时考虑范德华力的作用,计算并分析了CO在Cu(110)表面的吸附情况.结果表明:1)CO在两个表面Cu原子的短桥位位置吸附最强,吸附能为1.28 e V.第二稳定吸附位置为表面Cu原子的顶位,吸附能为1.23 e V.CO在其他两个位置,表面两个Cu的长桥位和表面四个Cu的中心位的吸附要弱一些,约为0.86 e V和0.83 e V.2)在Cu表面吸附的CO的C-O键长有部分拉长,这与较强的吸附能和电荷转移相应.3)电荷分析表明所有吸附的CO整体上从衬底上面获得部分电荷,约为0.2个电荷.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11174070,51401078,and 11147006)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2012M521399)+2 种基金the Postdoctoral Research Sponsorship in Henan Province,China(Grant No.2011038)the Foundation for the Key Young Teachers of Henan Normal UniversityStart-up Foundation for Doctors of Henan Normal University,China
文摘To investigate the effects of chlorine on the Au/ceria catalysts,the adsorption of gold or chlorine and their coadsorpiton on the stoichiometric and partially reduced CeO2(111) surfaces are studied from the first principles.It is found that the adsorption of Au is significantly enhanced by the chlorine preadsorption on the stoichiometric CeO2(111) surface;while on the partially reduced CeO2(111) surface,the preadsorbed chlorine inhabits the oxygen vacancy(which is the preferred adsorption site for gold),leading to a CeOCl phase and the dramatical weakening of the Au adsorption.Therefore,chlorine on the CeO2(111) surface can affect the Au adsorption thus the activity of the Au/CeO2 catalyst.