对产自湖北武当山的柴黄姜(Dioscorea nipponicasubsp.rosthorniiPrain et Burkill)的花部特征和访花昆虫种类及访花行为、访花频率和携粉量进行了研究,并对柴黄姜的传粉方式、结实和种子萌发状况进行了检测。结果表明,柴黄姜具有虫媒...对产自湖北武当山的柴黄姜(Dioscorea nipponicasubsp.rosthorniiPrain et Burkill)的花部特征和访花昆虫种类及访花行为、访花频率和携粉量进行了研究,并对柴黄姜的传粉方式、结实和种子萌发状况进行了检测。结果表明,柴黄姜具有虫媒花的典型花部特征,共观测到访花昆虫4目34种,其中传粉昆虫6种,隧蜂属(Halictussp.)和地蜂属(Andrenasp.)的2种昆虫是柴黄姜的主要传粉昆虫。访花昆虫对雄株的访花高峰时段为11:00至14:00,对雌花没有明显的访花高峰时段。在自然条件下,柴黄姜的座果率为18.86%,结实率为7.12%,种子萌发率为64.76%。在武当山,柴黄姜种群扩展仍以有性繁殖为主,无性繁殖为重要补充。展开更多
The transport properties of ionic liquids(ILs) are crucial properties in view of their applications in electrochemical devices. One of the most important advantages of ILs is that their chemical–physical properties a...The transport properties of ionic liquids(ILs) are crucial properties in view of their applications in electrochemical devices. One of the most important advantages of ILs is that their chemical–physical properties and consequently their bulk performances can be well tuned by optimizing the chemical structures of their ions. This will require elucidating the structural features of the ions that fundamentally determine the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ILs. Here we showed for the first time that the "rigidity", the order,and the compactness of the three-dimensional ionic networks generated by the anions and the cation head groups determine the formation and the sizes of the nanostructures in the apolar domains of ILs. We also found that the properties of ionic networks are governed by the conformational flexibility and the symmetry of the anion and/or the cation head group. The thermal stability of the nanostructures of ILs was shown to be controlled by the sensitivity of the conformational equilibrium of the anion to the change of temperature. We showed that the viscosity of ILs is strongly related to the symmetry and the flexibility of the constitute ions rather than to the size of the nanostructures of ILs. Therefore, the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ILs, especially the thermal stability of the nanostructures, can be fine-tuned by tailoring the symmetry and the conformational flexibility of the anion.展开更多
文摘对产自湖北武当山的柴黄姜(Dioscorea nipponicasubsp.rosthorniiPrain et Burkill)的花部特征和访花昆虫种类及访花行为、访花频率和携粉量进行了研究,并对柴黄姜的传粉方式、结实和种子萌发状况进行了检测。结果表明,柴黄姜具有虫媒花的典型花部特征,共观测到访花昆虫4目34种,其中传粉昆虫6种,隧蜂属(Halictussp.)和地蜂属(Andrenasp.)的2种昆虫是柴黄姜的主要传粉昆虫。访花昆虫对雄株的访花高峰时段为11:00至14:00,对雌花没有明显的访花高峰时段。在自然条件下,柴黄姜的座果率为18.86%,结实率为7.12%,种子萌发率为64.76%。在武当山,柴黄姜种群扩展仍以有性繁殖为主,无性繁殖为重要补充。
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21076224,21276271)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(qzdx-2011-01)
文摘The transport properties of ionic liquids(ILs) are crucial properties in view of their applications in electrochemical devices. One of the most important advantages of ILs is that their chemical–physical properties and consequently their bulk performances can be well tuned by optimizing the chemical structures of their ions. This will require elucidating the structural features of the ions that fundamentally determine the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ILs. Here we showed for the first time that the "rigidity", the order,and the compactness of the three-dimensional ionic networks generated by the anions and the cation head groups determine the formation and the sizes of the nanostructures in the apolar domains of ILs. We also found that the properties of ionic networks are governed by the conformational flexibility and the symmetry of the anion and/or the cation head group. The thermal stability of the nanostructures of ILs was shown to be controlled by the sensitivity of the conformational equilibrium of the anion to the change of temperature. We showed that the viscosity of ILs is strongly related to the symmetry and the flexibility of the constitute ions rather than to the size of the nanostructures of ILs. Therefore, the characteristics of the nanostructures and the viscosities of ILs, especially the thermal stability of the nanostructures, can be fine-tuned by tailoring the symmetry and the conformational flexibility of the anion.
