库尔勒香梨3种树形光合特性及荧光参数比较研究

【目的】比较库尔勒香梨3种树形光合特性及荧光参数差异,为库尔勒香梨树形的选择提供理论依据。【方法】采用LI-6400XT型便携式光合作用测定系统和FMS-2便携脉冲调制式荧光仪对水平棚架形、疏散分层形和自然开心形的光合及荧光特征参数日变化进行测定,分析比较其差异。【结果】库尔勒香梨3种树形的净光合速率日变化均呈"双峰"曲线,净光合速率日均值大小为水平棚架形(11.79μmol/(m2s))>自然开心形(10.11μmol/(m^2s))>疏散分层形(9.37μmol/(m^2s))。各树形气孔导度的变化趋势与净光合速率的变化趋势基本一致,胞间CO_2浓度的变化幅度不大,蒸腾速率的日变化呈"双峰"曲线。不同树形荧光参数日变化存在差异,水平棚架形Fv/Fm值恢复的速度最快,自然开心形Fv/Fm下降幅度最大。电子传递速率最快的是自然开心形,水平棚架形次之,而非光化学淬灭系数最高的也是自然开心形,水平棚架形和疏散分层形相差不大。【结论】库尔勒香梨3种树形光合能力最强的是水平棚架形,自然开心形次之。水平棚架形抗强光照、高温和低空气湿度的能力强,自然开心形所受光抑制的强度最高。

库尔勒香梨3种树形冠层结构和产量品质的比较

【目的】比较库尔勒香梨3种树形冠层结构以及果实产量与品质的差异,为库尔勒香梨树形的评价与选择提供理论基础。【方法】用LAI-2200冠层分析仪对水平棚架形、疏散分层形和自然开心形库尔勒香梨的冠层结构、产量、品质进行测定分析,比较其差异。【结果】水平棚架形库尔勒香梨的叶面积指数最大;疏散分层形总枝量最高,与水平棚架形和自然开心形相比,分别高出25.4%、13.8%,而水平棚架形总枝量最低。不同树形产量存在差异,3种树形单果质量和单株产量大小排序为水平棚架形>自然开心形>疏散分层形。水平棚架形特级果率最高,与疏散分层形相比,提高了18.5%。3种树形脱萼果率、宿萼果率、凸顶果率差异极显著(P>0.01),水平棚架形脱萼果率最高。自然开心形和水平棚架形的脱萼果率与疏散分层形相比,分别提高了41.6%、23.3%。水平棚架形L值、b值最大,但其a值最小,自然开心形a值最大。水平棚架形与自然开心形的可滴定酸和VC存在显著差异,其可滴定酸和VC均高于自然开心形。自然开心形可溶性固形物、总糖、固酸比、糖酸比均最高,而硬度、可滴定酸最低。【结论】库尔勒香梨3种树形中,水平棚架形叶面积指数最大,疏散分层形次之。3种树形枝量差异较大,疏散分层形的总枝量最高,与水平棚架形和自然开心形相比,分别高出25.4%、13.8%。不同树形的产量存在差异,水平棚架形产量比疏散分层形高12.8%。水平棚架形优等果率和脱萼果率明显高于其它两种树形,与疏散分层形相比,分别高出18.5%、14.8%。水平棚架形和自然开心形果实内在品质较优且差异较小,而疏散分层形内在品质较差。

紫杏开花生物学特性研究

以叶城紫杏为研究对象,观察开花物候期、调查花部器官发育特征并测定花粉量、花粉活力及柱头可授性。结果表明,叶城紫杏花期较供试其他杏品种晚7d,与杏品种花期不遇,与樱桃李花期相近,部分相遇。叶城紫杏单花花药数为31.6粒/蕾,花粉量较少,仅为306.8粒/花药,花粉活力低,仅有7.2%,柱头在开花前1天即具有可授性,可授性持续至开花后第4天,在开花当天至花后第1天有较强可授性。叶城紫杏与对照杏品种花期不遇,单花花药数与各杏品种间存在差异,中长花柱花比率、花粉量及花粉活力均低于对照杏品种,且柱头可授性变化强度较低,持续时间也较短。叶城紫杏和樱桃李花期相近,单花花药数较樱桃李高,花粉量却较樱桃李低,中长花柱花比率差异不大。花粉活力均低于对照杏品种,但柱头可授性变化强度及持续时间较为接近。

极晚熟杏品种冬杏杂交种子成苗特性研究

【目的】研究不同杏品种杂交组合的种子萌发和幼苗生长差异,为品种选育提供依据。【方法】以冬杏为母本,19个不同成熟期的新疆杏品种为父本进行杂交,对获得的杂交种子进行育苗,测定种子发芽率、播种出苗率、成苗率及幼苗的生长动态,分析各杂交组合之间成苗特性差异。【结果】杂交种子层积60 d后有10个组合发芽率大于60%,发芽率最高的为冬杏×毛拉肖,而冬杏×晚熟胡安娜、冬杏×旦杏和冬杏×卡拉玉吕克没有发芽率。播种成苗率较高的是冬杏×特尔湾玉吕克和冬杏×毛拉肖。冬杏×库曼提、冬杏×大果胡安娜、冬杏自然种子的出苗时间较早,且出苗整齐。在15个成苗的杂交组合中,以冬杏×特尔湾玉吕克、冬杏×毛拉肖生长势较强,其余13个杂交杏苗生长势较弱。【结论】冬杏杂交组合种子的发芽率、出苗率、成苗率之间差异较大,同时,发芽率高的组合成苗率也高;不同杂交组合种子实生幼苗的生长存在差异。

‘辣椒杏’开花生物学特性研究

【目的】了解‘辣椒杏’开花生物学规律及特点,为‘辣椒杏’的开发利用奠定基础。【方法】观察‘辣椒杏’的开花物候期、花器官特征,测定花粉活力和柱头可授性,分析与其他品种的差异,分析其特异性。【结果】‘辣椒杏’初花期为4月初,花期持续8 d;花5瓣,花瓣卵圆形淡粉色,花粉黄色,雌蕊1枚,雄蕊31枚左右,子房上位花;雌蕊败育花比率为为23%,雌蕊退化花比率为7%;花粉萌发率为45.49%;柱头从花前2 d至花后5 d均有可授性,花后1 d可授性达到最强。【结论】‘辣椒杏’与对照杏品种花期一致;花器官存在一定比例的雌蕊败育和雌蕊退化,败育率较低;花粉活力属中等水平,花后1 d柱头可授性达到最强,是‘辣椒杏’最佳授粉时期。

Study on Pollen Viability and Stigma Receptivity of Very Later-ripening ‘Dongxing' Apricot

[Objective] The primary aims of this study were to understand the characteristic of floralorgan development in ‘Dongxing＇, and analyze its differences with other apricot varieties. [Method] Floral organ morphology, pollen quantity, pollen viability and stigma receptivityof ‘Dongxing＇ and other apricot varieties were observed and measured. [Result] The ratio between the medium style and long style of‘Dongxing＇ was 82.4%, and the ratio of pistillode was lower than that in the other apricot varieties. Its pollen quantity was 32 183.2 grains per flower, and was fewer than the others. The pollen germination of ‘Dongxing＇ in optimum medium（1% agar ＋15% sucrose ＋ 0.01% boric acid） was 53.0%, i.e. its pollen viability was low. The pollen viability increased at first and then decreased following the period of the bud stage to flowering stage, and pollen viability reached maximum value at the 1st d after flowering. Meanwhile the stored pollen viability continuously decreased with the extension of storage time, and pollen viability of the both vivo or vitro stored was decreased to the half of the maximum value at the 3rdd after flowering or storage.The stigma receptivity of ‘ongxing＇ enhanced at first then weakened, maximum stigma receptivity was found at the period of 2 h to 4 h after flowering. The optimum time for artificial pollination was 1 h to 8 h after flowering and it was shorter than the other apricot varieties was. [Conclusion] The ratio between the medium style and long style of ‘Dongxing＇ was higher than the other apricot varieties, while the pollen viability of ‘Dongxing＇ on the contrary. Its pollen viability reached maximum value at the 1st d after flowering and the optimum time for artificial pollination was1 h to 8h after flowering.