Modeling differential car-following behavior under normal and rainy conditions: A memory-based deep learning method with attention mechanism

In order to analyze and learn the difference in car-following behavior between normal and rainy days, we first collect car-following trajectory data of an urban elevated road on normal and rainy days by microwave radar and analyze the differences in speed, relative speed, acceleration, space headway, and time headway among data through statistics. Secondly, owing to the time-series characteristics of car-following data, we use the long short-term memory(LSTM) neural network optimized by attention mechanism(AM) and sparrow search algorithm(SSA) to learn the different car-following behaviors under different weather conditions and build corresponding models(ASL-Normal, ASL-Rain, where ASL stands for AM-SSA-LSTM), respectively. Finally, the simulation test shows that the mean square error(MSE) and reciprocal of time-to-collision(RTTC) of the ASL model are better than those of LSTM and intelligent diver model(IDM), which is closer to the real data. The ASL model can better learn different driving behaviors on normal and rainy days. However,it has a higher sensitivity to weather conditions from cross test on normal and rainy data-sets which need classification training or sample diversification processing. In the car-following platoon simulation, the stability performances of two models are excellent, which can describe the basic characteristics of traffic flow on normal and rainy days. Comparing with ASL-Rain model, the convergence time of ASL-Normal is shorter, reflecting that cautious driving behavior on rainy days will reduce traffic efficiency to a certain extent. However, ASL-Normal model produces a more severe and frequent traffic oscillation within a shorter period because of aggressive driving behavior on normal days.

基于长短期记忆神经网络与注意力机制的智能汽车分车型跟驰模型

考虑到跟驰车流中前车车型对智能汽车跟车行为的影响,采用长短期记忆(Long Short Term Memory,LSTM)神经网络,基于NGSIM数据集,通过One-Hot方法编码车型特征,并引入注意力机制(Attention Mechanism)生成输入特征的注意力权重,训练并建立了一种可根据前车车型产生不同跟驰行为的智能车辆跟驰模型(Identifiable Vehicle Type Car-Following Model,IVT-CF)。在不同前车车型的跟车场景中仿真发现,IVT-CF模型仿真车辆的速度和位移的均方误差(Mean Square Error,MSE)比不分车型的LSTM模型分别降低了23.8%、31.7%,比IDM模型分别降低了15.8%、18.7%,仿真精度更高。在混入大型车辆的车队跟驰场景仿真中发现,交通流速度和车头间距的收敛时间为92 s,该模型能较快收敛,具有较好的稳定性和抗干扰能力。