利用NCEP的1°×1°资料,分析飓风"桑迪"温带变性前后物理量的特征和变化。结果表明:利用对流层低层、中层及高层的厚度场可立体直观地展现热带气旋中心热力结构的对称性,便于进行飓风温带变性的诊断分析。涡度...利用NCEP的1°×1°资料,分析飓风"桑迪"温带变性前后物理量的特征和变化。结果表明:利用对流层低层、中层及高层的厚度场可立体直观地展现热带气旋中心热力结构的对称性,便于进行飓风温带变性的诊断分析。涡度场可诊断高空槽和飓风耦合的情况,两者的正涡度场连接后使热带气旋受到高空槽的影响开始变性。厚度变形场动力强迫上升、低层锋区抬升、强降水区凝结潜热正反馈作用和高空辐散加强等有利于飓风"桑迪"变性过程中深对流的维持及发展,并导致强上升区域向西偏离。飓风"桑迪"变性后暖心结构下降至对流层中低层,与强上升运动中心下降有关。适度的冷空气强度对飓风"桑迪"的加强有利,冷空气较弱飓风加强较慢,冷空气过强易破坏飓风的暖心结构,导致中心填塞。850 h Pa温度平流对变性后飓风"桑迪"的移动路径有一定的指示意义,飓风基本朝着冷平流中心指向暖平流中心的方向移动。展开更多
Total suspended particulates （TSP） samples were collected using low pressure impactors （Andersen Series 20-800, USA） on typical clear, hazy and foggy days in Beijing in order to investigate the characteristics of ...Total suspended particulates （TSP） samples were collected using low pressure impactors （Andersen Series 20-800, USA） on typical clear, hazy and foggy days in Beijing in order to investigate the characteristics of size distributions and elemental compositions of particulate matter （PM） in different weather conditions. The concentrations of sixteen elements, including Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ba, T1 and Pb were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）. The results showed that Ca, A1, Fe, Mg and Ba on foggy days were 2.0 2.6 times higher than on clear days, and 2.3-2.9 times higher than on hazy days. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Se and Pb on foggy days were 163.5, 1186.7, 65.9, 32.0 and 708.2 ng m-3, respectively, in fine particles, and 68.1, 289.5, 19.8, 1.6 and 103.8 ng m-3, respectively, in coarse particles. This was 1.0~8.4 times higher and 1.4-7.4 times higher than on clear and hazy days, respectively. It is then shown that Mg, A1, Fe, Ca and Ba were mainly associated with coarse particles, peaking at 4.7~5.8 μm; that Cd, Se, Zn, As, T1 and Pb were most dominant in fine particles, peaking at 0.43-1.1 μm; and that Na, K, Ni, Cu and Mn had a multi-mode distribution, with peaks at 0.43-1.1 μm and 4.7-5.8 μm. The enrichment factors indicated that coal combustion along with vehicle and industry emissions may be the main sources of pollution elements.展开更多
文摘利用NCEP的1°×1°资料,分析飓风"桑迪"温带变性前后物理量的特征和变化。结果表明:利用对流层低层、中层及高层的厚度场可立体直观地展现热带气旋中心热力结构的对称性,便于进行飓风温带变性的诊断分析。涡度场可诊断高空槽和飓风耦合的情况,两者的正涡度场连接后使热带气旋受到高空槽的影响开始变性。厚度变形场动力强迫上升、低层锋区抬升、强降水区凝结潜热正反馈作用和高空辐散加强等有利于飓风"桑迪"变性过程中深对流的维持及发展,并导致强上升区域向西偏离。飓风"桑迪"变性后暖心结构下降至对流层中低层,与强上升运动中心下降有关。适度的冷空气强度对飓风"桑迪"的加强有利,冷空气较弱飓风加强较慢,冷空气过强易破坏飓风的暖心结构,导致中心填塞。850 h Pa温度平流对变性后飓风"桑迪"的移动路径有一定的指示意义,飓风基本朝着冷平流中心指向暖平流中心的方向移动。
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40525016)the National Basic Research Program(2007CB407303 and 2006CB403702)
文摘Total suspended particulates （TSP） samples were collected using low pressure impactors （Andersen Series 20-800, USA） on typical clear, hazy and foggy days in Beijing in order to investigate the characteristics of size distributions and elemental compositions of particulate matter （PM） in different weather conditions. The concentrations of sixteen elements, including Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ba, T1 and Pb were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）. The results showed that Ca, A1, Fe, Mg and Ba on foggy days were 2.0 2.6 times higher than on clear days, and 2.3-2.9 times higher than on hazy days. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Se and Pb on foggy days were 163.5, 1186.7, 65.9, 32.0 and 708.2 ng m-3, respectively, in fine particles, and 68.1, 289.5, 19.8, 1.6 and 103.8 ng m-3, respectively, in coarse particles. This was 1.0~8.4 times higher and 1.4-7.4 times higher than on clear and hazy days, respectively. It is then shown that Mg, A1, Fe, Ca and Ba were mainly associated with coarse particles, peaking at 4.7~5.8 μm; that Cd, Se, Zn, As, T1 and Pb were most dominant in fine particles, peaking at 0.43-1.1 μm; and that Na, K, Ni, Cu and Mn had a multi-mode distribution, with peaks at 0.43-1.1 μm and 4.7-5.8 μm. The enrichment factors indicated that coal combustion along with vehicle and industry emissions may be the main sources of pollution elements.
