Alteration in the expression of microRNA-21 regulated target genes:Role in breast cancer

Breast cancer,also recognized as the principal cause of cancer-related deaths among women,is the second most familiar and prevalent form of cancer.New diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that are highly specific are urgently needed for its early prognosis.MicroRNAs(miRNAs),a class of non-coding RNAs,are known to control the biological processes involving transcription,post-transcriptional and covalent modifications,splicing,translation,cell differentiation,proliferation,apoptosis,cancer progression,and invasion.Any dysregulation in miRNA expression,demonstrating their oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions,contributes to cancer progression.MicroRNA-21(miR-21),an‘onco-miR’in breast cancer,is involved in tumor progression and metastasis by suppressing the activity of the target gene via its interaction with the 3’UTR of the target gene.The upregulation of miR-21 is observed in many instances of breast cancer.Our review aims to summarize the current understanding of miR-21 in the regulation of important cellular functions via regulation of its target genes.We discuss its biosynthesis,oncogenic function in breast cancer,and different methods used for its detection.This will increase the current understanding of the role of miR-21 in breast cancer tumorigenesis,which will offer a perception of using miR-21 as an early detection molecular prognostic and diagnostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target in breast cancer care.

Assessment of colistin resistance in Gram negative bacteria from clinical samples in resource-limited settings

Objective:To find a proper method to assess colistin resistance in multidrug resistant Gram negative bacteria(MDR-GNB)on a routine basis in resource limited settings.Methods:Clinical samples were processed.MDR-GNB were identified and were examined for colistin resistance by colistin broth elution method,colistin agar method,and colistin disk elution screening method.Broth microdilution method was used the gold standard.Results:A total of 10235 clinical samples were processed,in which 857(8.4%)MDR-GNB were identified.The very significant errors,categorical agreement,major errors,positive predictive values,negative predictive values,specificity and sensitivity of all the phenotypic methods were 5.5%,0%,94.4%,100%,99.6%,100%and 94.4%,respectively for the detection of colistin resistance.The colistin elution screening method was cheap and easy to perform with similar results to broth microdilution method.Conclusions:All the evaluation methods for colistin resistance showed similar results.So the laboratories can choose any method for detection of colistin resistance.However,we recommend colistin disk elution screening method because,it is easy and cheap and can be performed in limited resources.

miR-153 as biomarker for cancer-functional role as tumor suppressor

MicroRNA-153(miR-153),belongs toa dass of small non-coding RNA.It is a aritical regulator of gene expression at the post-transcriptional lewel which interacts with the functional mRNA at 3UTR rgion and suppresses the expression of the mRNA.More recently,it has become apparent that dhanges in the miR-153 axpression lead to invasion,metastasis,angiogenesis and various types of tumor progression.This review summarizes the connection between dysrgulation of miR-153 and various typas of cancer progression.miR-153 regulates various signaling pathways to inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in the ancer cell and also show synergistic activity with anticancer drugs.In addition to this,the oncogenic bchavior of miR-153 and their use as a potential biomarker in cancer was also reviewed.