Catalytic oxidative desulfurization(ODS) of model oil and commercial oil samples was investigated using an air-assisted performic acid oxidation system with a phase transfer or emulsion catalyst comprising a quaternar...Catalytic oxidative desulfurization(ODS) of model oil and commercial oil samples was investigated using an air-assisted performic acid oxidation system with a phase transfer or emulsion catalyst comprising a quaternary ammonium salt-based heteropolyoxometalate.Different emulsion catalysts with a Keggin type heteroployoxometalate anion(containing W,Mo,and V) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide cation were prepared and characterized by X-ray fluorescence,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.[C16H33N(CH3)3]3[PW9Mo3O40] was the most effective catalyst in the current oxidation system,which reduced the sulfur content of the model oil from 1275 μg/g to 57 μg/g.The reactivity order of different model sulfur compounds was thiophene < dibenzothiophene < 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene. The ODS of model sulfur compounds followed first order kinetics with apparent activation energy from 29 to 27 kJ/mol.The catalysts also performed efficiently in the ODS of the industrial oil samples,including untreated naphtha,light gas oil,heavy gas oil,and Athabasca oil sands derived bitumen,for which sulfur removal rates were 83%,85%,68% and 64%,respectively.展开更多
Multi-scale properties of Reynolds stress in decaying turbulence in a wind tunnel with high Reynolds number are investi-gated. Two filtering techniques i.e., the zeroth-order and first-order detrending methods are app...Multi-scale properties of Reynolds stress in decaying turbulence in a wind tunnel with high Reynolds number are investi-gated. Two filtering techniques i.e., the zeroth-order and first-order detrending methods are applied to the two velocity components, where the local mean value （resp. local linear trend） is removed in the former （latter） technique. Some basic statistics for thirty mea-surements show that the variation is very large at first two locations and relatively small at last two locations. Moderately good power law is found for the mean value of local Reynolds stress at last three measurement locations with scaling exponents approxi-mately being 1.0 and a dual power law exists for the mean value of standard deviation of local Reynolds stress at all four measureme-nt locations with scaling exponents being 0.53 and 0.58 for zeroth-and first-order filtering respectively. Present results about local Reynolds stress are useful to build and evaluate the model of sub-grid Reynolds stress in large eddy simulations.展开更多
基金Financial support from the Higher Education Commission(HEC) Pakistan,under the International Research Support Initiative Program(IRSIP)
文摘Catalytic oxidative desulfurization(ODS) of model oil and commercial oil samples was investigated using an air-assisted performic acid oxidation system with a phase transfer or emulsion catalyst comprising a quaternary ammonium salt-based heteropolyoxometalate.Different emulsion catalysts with a Keggin type heteroployoxometalate anion(containing W,Mo,and V) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide cation were prepared and characterized by X-ray fluorescence,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.[C16H33N(CH3)3]3[PW9Mo3O40] was the most effective catalyst in the current oxidation system,which reduced the sulfur content of the model oil from 1275 μg/g to 57 μg/g.The reactivity order of different model sulfur compounds was thiophene < dibenzothiophene < 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene. The ODS of model sulfur compounds followed first order kinetics with apparent activation energy from 29 to 27 kJ/mol.The catalysts also performed efficiently in the ODS of the industrial oil samples,including untreated naphtha,light gas oil,heavy gas oil,and Athabasca oil sands derived bitumen,for which sulfur removal rates were 83%,85%,68% and 64%,respectively.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11272196,11202122)the Key Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.11ZZ87)the Shanghai Pujiang Project(Grant No.12PJ1403500)
文摘Multi-scale properties of Reynolds stress in decaying turbulence in a wind tunnel with high Reynolds number are investi-gated. Two filtering techniques i.e., the zeroth-order and first-order detrending methods are applied to the two velocity components, where the local mean value （resp. local linear trend） is removed in the former （latter） technique. Some basic statistics for thirty mea-surements show that the variation is very large at first two locations and relatively small at last two locations. Moderately good power law is found for the mean value of local Reynolds stress at last three measurement locations with scaling exponents approxi-mately being 1.0 and a dual power law exists for the mean value of standard deviation of local Reynolds stress at all four measureme-nt locations with scaling exponents being 0.53 and 0.58 for zeroth-and first-order filtering respectively. Present results about local Reynolds stress are useful to build and evaluate the model of sub-grid Reynolds stress in large eddy simulations.
