Studies on the Mechanism of Single Basal Application of Controlled-Release Fertilizers for Increasing Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

This paper was to explore the mechanism of single basal application of controlled-release fertilizers for increasing yield of rice （Oryza sativa L.）. Pot trials and cylinder trials were carried out from 2002 to 2005 to study the influences of single basal application of 3 controlled-release fertilizers on the changes of soil available N, root development, senescence and lodging resistance at late growth stages. Results showed that at 30 days after fertilization, single basal application of controlled-release fertilizers coated with vegetal-substance （CRF1） and polymer materials （CRF3） increased soil available N to 12.0 and 147.9%, respectively, in comparison to split fertilization of rice-specific fertilizer （RSF1）. Treatments of the two CRFs obviously benefited the development of root system, resulting in greater rice root weights with extensive distribution and higher root activity. In addition, the two CRF treatments, in comparison to RSF1, enhanced chlorophyll consents of the flag leaves to 9.5 and 15.5%, and soluble protein up to 89.7 and 108.0% respectively. Application of the two CRFs also made the base of rice stems strong and large, declined the proportion of shoot and root, increased root depth index. Though relatively low K rate, single basal application of the CRF3 coated with NH4MgPO4 could also promote the development of root system, enhance root activity and some physiological functions of flag leaves. Based on these results, it was concluded that major mechanisms for increasing rice yield by single basal application of the CRFs should be attributed to grater soil available N supply, superior development of root systems, better nutrient absorption capacity, slower senescence and enhancement of lodging resistance at late stages.

不同养分管理措施下常年菜地磷、钾养分径流流失特征

为研究不同养分管理措施下菜地磷、钾养分径流流失特征,采用田间小区试验方法,设置对照(CK)和有机肥配施不同用量化肥处理(N0,化肥氮空白;CON,习惯施肥;OPT,优化施肥;OPT+N,优化增氮;OPT+P,优化增磷;OPT+NPK,优化增氮磷钾)。结果表明,不同处理下可溶性总磷、颗粒态磷和总磷径流浓度分别为0.015～0.500、0.004～0.623 mg·L^(-1)和0.093～0.876 mg·L^(-1),施磷明显增加径流水可溶性磷浓度,对总磷和颗粒态磷浓度影响较小。不同处理径流水总磷浓度均不同程度超地表水Ⅴ类标准(GB3838—2002),且施磷量最高的OPT+NPK处理总磷超标率高达56%。总磷年流失负荷为4.37～4.93 kg·hm^(-2),施肥处理磷流失负荷均低于对照,不同处理间总磷流失负荷无明显差异。不同处理的钾径流浓度为4.7～83.0 mg·L^(-1),年流失负荷为176.9～331.7 kg·hm^(-2),流失系数为4.5%～15.7%。施钾显著增加菜地钾的流失负荷,施钾量最高的OPT+NPK处理钾流失负荷最高,肥料N/K2O比例最高的OPT+N处理钾流失负荷最低。研究表明,不同养分管理措施下菜地磷径流损失无明显变化,而OPT+N处理钾流失负荷及流失系数均最低,蔬菜实际生产中氮、钾合理配施有利于降低钾的流失。

广东典型稻田系统磷素径流流失特征

选择位于广东省增城、清远和高州地区的3个稻田试验点,于2008—2012年对稻田磷径流损失进行动态监测。结果表明,稻田径流事件主要发生在早稻季。常规施肥模式下稻田总磷径流浓度为0.02~1.56 mg·L^(-1),11%~18%的径流样品总磷浓度超过地表水Ⅴ类水标准(0.4 mg·L^(-1)),施磷后14 d内降雨易导致稻田不同形态磷浓度出现峰值,具有一定环境污染风险。施磷不同程度增加稻田可溶性总磷径流负荷,对颗粒磷和总磷流失负荷无规律性影响。稻田磷径流负荷时空变化较大,常规施肥条件下可溶性总磷、颗粒磷、总磷年径流负荷分别为0.63~4.05、0.33~2.91、1.10~6.68 kg·hm^(-2)。本地区稻田磷流失系数为0.06%~6.81%,可溶性总磷是稻田磷径流流失主要形态。施肥量和降雨、径流量是影响本地区稻田磷径流损失的主要因子。

改良剂对根际土壤-水稻系统中镉运移的影响

稻田镉(Cd)污染治理是我国目前农田重金属污染治理的重点和难点.铁的氧化还原过程对Cd在土壤-水稻系统中的运移发挥着极其重要的作用.从铁循环调控入手,研发阻控稻米Cd累积的钝化技术及产品,势必能为农田重金属污染治理提供新的解决途径.本研究以自主研发的改良剂为对象,通过野外田间试验,研究改良剂对Cd从根际土壤向根表铁膜迁移及在水稻不同组织器官间转运的影响,探索铁循环影响Cd在根际土壤-水稻系统中运移的机制.结果表明,改良剂施用促进了根际土壤中铁硫化物的形成,其与Cd共沉淀显著减少了分蘖期、拔节期和灌浆期根际土壤中乙酸铵浸提态Cd(NH4AcCd)的含量;成熟期排水烤田致使铁硫化物被氧化,其对Cd的释放显著增大了根际土壤中NH4Ac-Cd的含量;铁硫化物形成减弱了Fe(Ⅱ)从根际土壤向根表的迁移能力,铁膜中铁(DCB-Fe)的含量随之减小,铁膜对Cd的吸附能力减弱导致分蘖期和灌浆期铁膜中Cd(DCB-Cd)的含量显著减小;改良剂施用有效减弱了根系对Cd的转运能力,增大了拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期Cd在根系的分布比例,而减少了拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期Cd在茎叶、以及成熟期Cd在糙米中的分布比例.本研究成果将为后期改良剂的研发及应用提供理论依据,对解决稻田Cd污染治理难题具有重要意义.