Objective BacoMind^TM （BM） is a standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri, which belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae and is a creeping annual plant found throughout the Indian subcontinent. It has been used by Ayur...Objective BacoMind^TM （BM） is a standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri, which belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae and is a creeping annual plant found throughout the Indian subcontinent. It has been used by Ayurvedic medicinal practitioners in India for almost 3000 years and is classified as a medharasayana, a substance which improves memory and intellect. With the widespread traditional use as well as scientific validation of Bacopa monnieri for nootropic activity, a bioactive-rich unique phytochemical composition-BacoMind^TM was developed from B. monnieri for use as a cognition and memory enhancing agent. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro toxicity of this formulation of BacoMind^TM on human lymphocytes and to rule out its possible contribution to mutagenicity. Methods In the present investigation the active ingredients present in BM were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） and high performance thin-layer chromatography （HPTLC）. Antioxidant and anticlastogenic properties of BM were studied in vitro with and without metabolic activation. Doses of BM were chosen on the basis of mitotic index （MI） and cytokinesis-block proliferation index （CBPI）. Clastogenicity assays were performed at 31.2 μg/mL, 62.5 μg/mL, and 125 μg/mL, while the Salmonella reverse mutation assay （Ames test） was performed at doses of 61.72, 185.18, 555.55, 1666.67, and 5000.00 μg/plate. Results HPLC and HPTLC analysis of BM revealed the presence of bacoside A3. bacopaside Ⅰ, bacopaside Ⅱ, jujubogenin isomer of bacopasaponin C, bacosine, luteolin, apigenin, bacosine, and β-sitosterol D glucoside. BM demonstrated significant antioxidant activity. The number of chromosomal aberrations and the frequency of micronuclei induced by BM were not statistically significant up to a dose of 62.5 μg/mL. A subsequent dose of 125 μg/mL prior to metabolic activation induced mild clastogenicity, but it was found to be biologically insignificant as this effect was not seen post metabolic activation. BM also demonstrated a dose-dependent protection against the clastogens used in this study using the above tests for clastogenicity. Maximum protection was observed in presence of metabolic activation. Moreover, BM demonstrated no mutagenic effect on the tested strains, as observed in the Ames test. Conclusion BM protected human lymphocytes against various clastogens. BM also exhibited high antioxidant activity which might be responsible for the observed protective effects against the clastogens since the used clastogens are known to induce their clastogenic effects via production of oxidative radicals.展开更多
Background:Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal deaths in developing countries.The current recommended in-hospital treatment is parenteral ampicillin(or penicillin)and gentamicin in young infants for 10-14 d...Background:Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal deaths in developing countries.The current recommended in-hospital treatment is parenteral ampicillin(or penicillin)and gentamicin in young infants for 10-14 days;however,very few could access and afford.The current review is to evaluate the feasibility of gentamicin in community based settings.Methods:Both observational and randomized controlled trials were included.Medline,Embase,Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Central Trial Register of India were searched until September 2013.We assessed the risk of bias by Cochrane Collaboration’s"risk of bias"tool.Results:Two observational studies indicated feasibility ensuring coverage of population,decrease in case fatality rate in the group treated by community health workers.In an RCT,no significant difference was observed in the treatment failure rates[odds ratio(OR)=0.88],and the mortality in the first and second week(OR=1.53;OR=2.24)between gentamicin and ceftriaxone groups.Within the gentamicin group,the combination of penicillin and gentamicin showed a lower rate of treatment failure(OR=0.44)and mortality at second week of life(OR=0.17)as compared to the combination of gentamicin and oral cotrimoxazole.Conclusion:Gentamicin for the treatment of neonatal sepsis is both feasible and effective in community-based settings and can be used as an alternative to the hospitalbased care in resource compromised settings.But there was less evidence in the management of neonatal sepsis in hospitals as was seen in this review in which we included only one RCT and three observational studies.展开更多
文摘Objective BacoMind^TM （BM） is a standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri, which belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae and is a creeping annual plant found throughout the Indian subcontinent. It has been used by Ayurvedic medicinal practitioners in India for almost 3000 years and is classified as a medharasayana, a substance which improves memory and intellect. With the widespread traditional use as well as scientific validation of Bacopa monnieri for nootropic activity, a bioactive-rich unique phytochemical composition-BacoMind^TM was developed from B. monnieri for use as a cognition and memory enhancing agent. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro toxicity of this formulation of BacoMind^TM on human lymphocytes and to rule out its possible contribution to mutagenicity. Methods In the present investigation the active ingredients present in BM were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） and high performance thin-layer chromatography （HPTLC）. Antioxidant and anticlastogenic properties of BM were studied in vitro with and without metabolic activation. Doses of BM were chosen on the basis of mitotic index （MI） and cytokinesis-block proliferation index （CBPI）. Clastogenicity assays were performed at 31.2 μg/mL, 62.5 μg/mL, and 125 μg/mL, while the Salmonella reverse mutation assay （Ames test） was performed at doses of 61.72, 185.18, 555.55, 1666.67, and 5000.00 μg/plate. Results HPLC and HPTLC analysis of BM revealed the presence of bacoside A3. bacopaside Ⅰ, bacopaside Ⅱ, jujubogenin isomer of bacopasaponin C, bacosine, luteolin, apigenin, bacosine, and β-sitosterol D glucoside. BM demonstrated significant antioxidant activity. The number of chromosomal aberrations and the frequency of micronuclei induced by BM were not statistically significant up to a dose of 62.5 μg/mL. A subsequent dose of 125 μg/mL prior to metabolic activation induced mild clastogenicity, but it was found to be biologically insignificant as this effect was not seen post metabolic activation. BM also demonstrated a dose-dependent protection against the clastogens used in this study using the above tests for clastogenicity. Maximum protection was observed in presence of metabolic activation. Moreover, BM demonstrated no mutagenic effect on the tested strains, as observed in the Ames test. Conclusion BM protected human lymphocytes against various clastogens. BM also exhibited high antioxidant activity which might be responsible for the observed protective effects against the clastogens since the used clastogens are known to induce their clastogenic effects via production of oxidative radicals.
基金funded by ICMR,New Delhi(grant number 5/7/592/11-RHN)
文摘Background:Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal deaths in developing countries.The current recommended in-hospital treatment is parenteral ampicillin(or penicillin)and gentamicin in young infants for 10-14 days;however,very few could access and afford.The current review is to evaluate the feasibility of gentamicin in community based settings.Methods:Both observational and randomized controlled trials were included.Medline,Embase,Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Central Trial Register of India were searched until September 2013.We assessed the risk of bias by Cochrane Collaboration’s"risk of bias"tool.Results:Two observational studies indicated feasibility ensuring coverage of population,decrease in case fatality rate in the group treated by community health workers.In an RCT,no significant difference was observed in the treatment failure rates[odds ratio(OR)=0.88],and the mortality in the first and second week(OR=1.53;OR=2.24)between gentamicin and ceftriaxone groups.Within the gentamicin group,the combination of penicillin and gentamicin showed a lower rate of treatment failure(OR=0.44)and mortality at second week of life(OR=0.17)as compared to the combination of gentamicin and oral cotrimoxazole.Conclusion:Gentamicin for the treatment of neonatal sepsis is both feasible and effective in community-based settings and can be used as an alternative to the hospitalbased care in resource compromised settings.But there was less evidence in the management of neonatal sepsis in hospitals as was seen in this review in which we included only one RCT and three observational studies.
