Background: Management of postoperative pain after caesarean section (C/S) requires a balance between pain relief and undesirable side effects of drugs and technique. In order to improve postoperative pain management ...Background: Management of postoperative pain after caesarean section (C/S) requires a balance between pain relief and undesirable side effects of drugs and technique. In order to improve postoperative pain management after caesarean section, we compared intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) with our current hospital practice, which is continuous opioid infusion. Method: We enrolled one hundred and twenty patients in our prospective randomized trial after an uneventful elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. All patients received 0.5 mg/kg bolus of pethidine on first complaint of pain or at 120 minutes after institution of spinal anaesthesia. Depending upon the randomization, Group P received IV-PCA with 0.15 mg/kg bolus pethidine with 10-minute lockout and Group C received continuous pethidine infusion at a rate of 0.15 mg/kg/hr. Statistical analysis: For qualitative variables means and standard deviations were computed and analyzed by T-test, Mann Whitney U test and repeated measures ANOVA. Frequency and percentages were computed for qualitative data and analyzed by Chi-Square and Fischer exact test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was treated as significant. Results: The numeric rating score for pain, need for rescue analgesia and incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly lower (p-value < 0.001) in IV-PCA group as compared to continuous infusion group at 6, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively, 98% of the patients were satisfied with pain management in Group P as compared to 70% (p < 0.001) in Group C. Conclusion: Our results showed improved pain control, less need for rescue analgesia for breakthrough pain, lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and greater patient satisfaction with IV-PCA. In the absence of preservative free narcotics for intrathecal use, postoperative pain management can be significantly improved by using IV-PCA instead of continuous opioid infusion in patients undergoing caesarean section.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to review the articles corresponding to the potentiality of biodiesel generation in Bangladesh. Many researchers gave their opinions and results related to their experiments for producing bio-...The aim of this paper is to review the articles corresponding to the potentiality of biodiesel generation in Bangladesh. Many researchers gave their opinions and results related to their experiments for producing bio-fuel in Bangladesh. The potentiality of biofuel from different edible sources like mustard oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, mosna oil, soybean oil etc. and different non-edible sources like castor oil, rice bran oil, Jatropha curcas oil, karanja oil, microalgae oil, rubber seed oil, neem oil, linseed oil etc. are studied here. The properties and the uses of biofuels in diesel engine and their performances are also reviewed in this paper. The emission characteristics are reviewed and investigated too. Moreover, the cost analysis of biofuel compared to the other fuels is inspected here. All types of research related to biofuel are thoroughly reviewed. The main and important challenges to use biofuel and their solutions are given by authors in this research article. This paper presents the scopes of applying technologies to improve the sustainability of bio-fuel in respect of Bangladesh.展开更多
文摘Background: Management of postoperative pain after caesarean section (C/S) requires a balance between pain relief and undesirable side effects of drugs and technique. In order to improve postoperative pain management after caesarean section, we compared intravenous patient controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) with our current hospital practice, which is continuous opioid infusion. Method: We enrolled one hundred and twenty patients in our prospective randomized trial after an uneventful elective caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. All patients received 0.5 mg/kg bolus of pethidine on first complaint of pain or at 120 minutes after institution of spinal anaesthesia. Depending upon the randomization, Group P received IV-PCA with 0.15 mg/kg bolus pethidine with 10-minute lockout and Group C received continuous pethidine infusion at a rate of 0.15 mg/kg/hr. Statistical analysis: For qualitative variables means and standard deviations were computed and analyzed by T-test, Mann Whitney U test and repeated measures ANOVA. Frequency and percentages were computed for qualitative data and analyzed by Chi-Square and Fischer exact test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was treated as significant. Results: The numeric rating score for pain, need for rescue analgesia and incidence of nausea and vomiting was significantly lower (p-value < 0.001) in IV-PCA group as compared to continuous infusion group at 6, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively, 98% of the patients were satisfied with pain management in Group P as compared to 70% (p < 0.001) in Group C. Conclusion: Our results showed improved pain control, less need for rescue analgesia for breakthrough pain, lower incidence of nausea and vomiting and greater patient satisfaction with IV-PCA. In the absence of preservative free narcotics for intrathecal use, postoperative pain management can be significantly improved by using IV-PCA instead of continuous opioid infusion in patients undergoing caesarean section.
文摘The aim of this paper is to review the articles corresponding to the potentiality of biodiesel generation in Bangladesh. Many researchers gave their opinions and results related to their experiments for producing bio-fuel in Bangladesh. The potentiality of biofuel from different edible sources like mustard oil, coconut oil, sesame oil, mosna oil, soybean oil etc. and different non-edible sources like castor oil, rice bran oil, Jatropha curcas oil, karanja oil, microalgae oil, rubber seed oil, neem oil, linseed oil etc. are studied here. The properties and the uses of biofuels in diesel engine and their performances are also reviewed in this paper. The emission characteristics are reviewed and investigated too. Moreover, the cost analysis of biofuel compared to the other fuels is inspected here. All types of research related to biofuel are thoroughly reviewed. The main and important challenges to use biofuel and their solutions are given by authors in this research article. This paper presents the scopes of applying technologies to improve the sustainability of bio-fuel in respect of Bangladesh.
