In the oil and gas industry, water is essential element since it exists in most of the stages, starting from drilling operations, then production processes including injecting in the reservoir to maintain the pressure...In the oil and gas industry, water is essential element since it exists in most of the stages, starting from drilling operations, then production processes including injecting in the reservoir to maintain the pressure, and finally disposing the produced water from the reservoir. Therefore, it is very important to understand the water in the petroleum industry with its different types and study its effects on the reservoirs as well as the downhole and surface equipment. Most of the studies and literature reviews focused on the oil and gas properties. In fact, understanding the properties of the water is as important as the oil and gas properties. Water is always present in the oil and gas fields during production, injection or disposal. Therefore, it has a direct impact on the productivity and overall efficiency of the field and the entire development project. This paper is going to illustrate and focus on several objectives. First, it elaborates the importance of the water in the oil and gas fields. Then, it includes a comprehensive overview of different types of water in the petroleum industry including a summary about of their properties. The main two types that the paper focuses on are the produced water and the injected water. It clarifies the effects of both of them on the reservoir, well completions and facilities. After that, the paper touches bases on the common problems and issues caused by water along with a brief summary of steps needed by the operators to follow in order to solve them. In addition to that, the common monitoring procedures and tests that are usually followed to observe the quality of the water are going to be presented. Finally, couples of solutions used by operators are reviewed to solve the problem of excessive water production after the water breakthrough in the field.展开更多
Oil and gas operations depend heavily on water in many different aspects. Water is present wherever there is hydrocarbon production. It is produced along with the hydrocarbons and helps in mobilizing them. It is also ...Oil and gas operations depend heavily on water in many different aspects. Water is present wherever there is hydrocarbon production. It is produced along with the hydrocarbons and helps in mobilizing them. It is also injected into the reservoirs to aid in mobilizing the hydrocarbons, maintain the pressure and increase the recovery of the development project. With water presence, some serious problems occur such as scaling. Scaling is a well-known problematic precipitation caused mainly due to mixing of two incompatible fluids, changes in temperature and pressure conditions and disturbance to thermodynamics and kinetics of reservoir fluids. They can be found at any point of the operations starting down at the formation up to the surface tanks. Scales are directly responsible for compromising the economics and safety of development projects. This review paper is going to include a recap of the importance of water in the oil and gas industry, then review the different types of scales as well as their properties including carbonate and sulfate scales. After that, famous scales from each type is going to be reviewed as well as their properties and precipitation conditions such as Calcium Carbonate CaCO3, Calcium Sulfate CaSO4, Barium Sulfate BaSO4 and Strontium Sulfate SrSO4. Moreover, common practices and precautions steps in the industry are going to be reviewed as well. Finally, the paper presents the common practices used by the operators for scale removal.展开更多
文摘In the oil and gas industry, water is essential element since it exists in most of the stages, starting from drilling operations, then production processes including injecting in the reservoir to maintain the pressure, and finally disposing the produced water from the reservoir. Therefore, it is very important to understand the water in the petroleum industry with its different types and study its effects on the reservoirs as well as the downhole and surface equipment. Most of the studies and literature reviews focused on the oil and gas properties. In fact, understanding the properties of the water is as important as the oil and gas properties. Water is always present in the oil and gas fields during production, injection or disposal. Therefore, it has a direct impact on the productivity and overall efficiency of the field and the entire development project. This paper is going to illustrate and focus on several objectives. First, it elaborates the importance of the water in the oil and gas fields. Then, it includes a comprehensive overview of different types of water in the petroleum industry including a summary about of their properties. The main two types that the paper focuses on are the produced water and the injected water. It clarifies the effects of both of them on the reservoir, well completions and facilities. After that, the paper touches bases on the common problems and issues caused by water along with a brief summary of steps needed by the operators to follow in order to solve them. In addition to that, the common monitoring procedures and tests that are usually followed to observe the quality of the water are going to be presented. Finally, couples of solutions used by operators are reviewed to solve the problem of excessive water production after the water breakthrough in the field.
文摘Oil and gas operations depend heavily on water in many different aspects. Water is present wherever there is hydrocarbon production. It is produced along with the hydrocarbons and helps in mobilizing them. It is also injected into the reservoirs to aid in mobilizing the hydrocarbons, maintain the pressure and increase the recovery of the development project. With water presence, some serious problems occur such as scaling. Scaling is a well-known problematic precipitation caused mainly due to mixing of two incompatible fluids, changes in temperature and pressure conditions and disturbance to thermodynamics and kinetics of reservoir fluids. They can be found at any point of the operations starting down at the formation up to the surface tanks. Scales are directly responsible for compromising the economics and safety of development projects. This review paper is going to include a recap of the importance of water in the oil and gas industry, then review the different types of scales as well as their properties including carbonate and sulfate scales. After that, famous scales from each type is going to be reviewed as well as their properties and precipitation conditions such as Calcium Carbonate CaCO3, Calcium Sulfate CaSO4, Barium Sulfate BaSO4 and Strontium Sulfate SrSO4. Moreover, common practices and precautions steps in the industry are going to be reviewed as well. Finally, the paper presents the common practices used by the operators for scale removal.
