The role of sampling methodology and site selection on myxomycete data from the Neotropics

Myxomycete sporocarps are practical units that can be used to study the effect of environmental issues such as climate change,urbanization,and natural disasters on microorganisms.Recent scientific literature lacks empirical approaches to understand the impacts of sampling design and site selection on the data obtained in myxomycete field surveys.The present investigation was designed to generate useful data for the evaluation of methodological approaches.Myxomycetes were studied for two years in a tropical premontane wet forest in Costa Rica using two different sampling strategies and several collecting sites to evaluate potential differences in the results.Field collections were used to generate the dataset due to their usefulness for monitoring purposes.Sampling strategies had a smaller impact on the reported structure and composition of obtained species assemblages than site selection,but a combination of both clearly maximized the effort and provided the best results during the field surveys.Functional variables of the forest with direct influence on the myxomycete life cycle such as tree diameter and leaf litter depth impacted the results synergically.Simulations of surveys at two different levels of effort were compared with total yearly efforts and results showed that revisiting sampling sites maximized the field effort.Results demonstrated that the variability of sporocarp production in tropical forests should be considered in the design of long-term field experiments on myxomycetes.

The Faces of Fungi database:fungal names linked with morphology,phylogeny and human impacts

Taxonomic names are key links between various databases that store information on different organisms.Several global fungal nomenclural and taxonomic databases(notably Index Fungorum,Species Fungorum and MycoBank)can be sourced to find taxonomic details about fungi,while DNA sequence data can be sourced from NCBI,EBI and UNITE databases.Although the sequence data may be linked to a name,the quality of the metadata is variable and generally there is no corresponding link to images,descriptions or herbarium material.There is generally no way to establish the accuracy of the names in these genomic databases,other than whether the submission is from a reputable source.To tackle this problem,a new database(FacesofFungi),accessible at www.facesoffungi.org(FoF)has been established.This fungal database allows deposition of taxonomic data,phenotypic details and other useful data,which will enhance our current taxonomic understanding and ultimately enable mycologists to gain better and updated insights into the current fungal classification system.In addition,the database will also allow access to comprehensive metadata including descriptions of voucher and type specimens.This database is user-friendly,providing links and easy access between taxonomic ranks,with the classification system based primarily on molecular data(from the literature and via updated web-based phylogenetic trees),and to a lesser extent on morphological data when molecular data are unavailable.In FoF species are not only linked to the closest phylogenetic representatives,but also relevant data is provided,wherever available,on various applied aspects,such as ecological,industrial,quarantine and chemical uses.The data include the three main fungal groups(Ascomycota,Basidiomycota,Basal fungi)and fungus-like organisms.The FoF webpage is an output funded by the Mushroom Research Foundation which is an NGO with seven directors with mycological expertise.The webpage has 76 curators,and with the help of these specialists,FoF will provide an updated natural classification of the fungi,with illustrated accounts of species linked to molecular data.The present paper introduces the FoF database to the scientific community and briefly reviews some of the problems associated with classification and identification of the main fungal groups.The structure and use of the database is then explained.We would like to invite all mycologists to contribute to these web pages.

Myxomycetes associated with grasslands of the western central United States

The assemblages of myxomycetes associated with the three types of temperate grasslands(tall grass,mixed grass and short grass)found across the western central United States were examined by collecting samples for isolation of these organisms from nine study sites.Samples consisted of two types of ground litter,two types of aerial litter(dead but still attached plant parts)and dung.These were brought back to the laboratory and used to prepare a series of moist chamber cultures.These cultures yielded 1,301 collections of myxomycetes representing 59 species in 18 genera.Some collections could be identified only to genus and one in particular(Lepidoderma sp.)appears to be an undescribed taxon.Physarum spectabile was recorded for the first time in North America.Overall,only eight species(Badhamia melanospora,Didymium anellus,D.difforme,D.squamulosum,Perichaena depressa,Physarum cinereum,P.pusillum,and Stemonitis fusca)were recovered from all nine study sites and thus are considered to represent a core component of the myxomycete biota of temperate grasslands.