Porosity and Pore Networks in Tight Dolostone—Mudstone Reservoirs:Insights from the Devonian Three Forks Formation,Williston Basin,USA

This study was performed to evaluate pore systems of reservoir lithofacies within the Devonian Three Forks Formation in the Williston Basin through micro-scale pore characterization.These lithofacies are from the Upper Three Forks section,which is a prominent drilling target within the BakkenThree Forks Petroleum System.Samples from the Formation were examined by(1)physical core description,(2)petrographic thin section microscopy,(3)x-ray diffractometry(XRD)minerals analysis,(4)scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and(5)porosity measurements from helium porosimetry,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),gas adsorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP).These were done to provide better understanding of the local variations in pore structures and how such structures impact reservoir quality within the Three Forks Formation.Seven reservoir lithofacies were identified and described,including laminated lithofacies,massive dolostone,mottled dolostone,massive mudstone,mottled mudstone,mudstone conglomerates,and brecciated mudstone.Samples show a diverse variation in mineralogical composition,pore types,porosity,and pore-size distribution.Six types of pores were identified:interparticle,intercrystalline,intracrystalline,vuggy,microfractures,and mudstone microporosity.Dolostone-rich lithofacies have abundant dolomite and less siliciclastic minerals such as quartz,feldspar,and clays.They also have relatively low porosity and generally larger pore size.A general positive trend exists between porosity with clay minerals and feldspar,in contrast to a negative trend with dolomite,and no clear relationship with quartz content.Results from the gas adsorption analysis,NMR and MIP pore-size distribution confirm an abundance of macropores(>50 nm in diameters)in dolostone dominated lithofacies while other lithofacies generally have abundant mesopores(2–50 nm).

Microstructure Characterization of a Biogenic Shale Gas Formation——Insights from the Antrim Shale,Michigan Basin

Biogenic gas shales,predominantly microbial in origin,form an important class of organicrich shale reservoirs with a significant economic potential.Yet large gaps remain in the understanding of their gas generation,storage,and transport mechanisms,as previous studies have been largely focused on mature thermogenic shale reservoirs.In this study,the pore structure of 18 Antrim Shale samples was characterized using gas adsorption(CO2 and N2).The results show that most of the Antrim Shale samples are rich in organic matter content(0.58 wt.%to 14.15 wt.%),with highest values found in the Lachine and Norwood members.Samples from the Paxton Member,characterized by lower organic content,have smaller micropore surface area and micropore volume but larger meso-macro pore surface area and volume.The deconvolution results of the pore size distribution from the N2 adsorption indicate that all of the tested Antrim Shale samples have similar pore groups.Organic matter in the Antrim Shale hosts micro pores instead of meso-macro pores,while clay minerals host both micro and meso-macro pores.Mineralrelated pores play a primary role in the total porosity.The biogenic Antrim Shale,therefore,has different pore structures from other well-studied thermogenic gas shales worldwide.