Three new methods for male contraception

The methods devised for male contraception are meagre. In the crrrent communication, we review 3 recently de-veloped methods applied for male contraception: testicular suspension, polyester-induced azoospermia and prolactin in-jection. The testicle was suspended in the superficial inguinal pouch close to the scrotal neck using 2 methods: stitchand ball. The azoospermic effect of the polyester sling seems to be due to 1) creation of electrostatic field across theintrascrotal structures, and 2) disordered thermoregulation. Prolactin administration, as a contraceptive method is effi-cient and safe and has the potential to be developed as a male contraceptive. The effect of the above mentioned 3methods is reversible. These methods, especially testicular suspension and polyester suspensors, are simple and easilyapplicable and were well acceptable by the subjects. (Asian J Androl 1999 Dec; 1: 161 - 167)

Functional activity of the rectum:A conduit organ or a storage organ or both?

瞄准：为了调查直肠的扩张的度是否能定义直肠，作为一根水管或水库工作。方法：到 2 的直肠、肛门的压力的反应直肠的汽球扩张打字，快速的多卷、慢的渐渐的膨胀，在 21 个健康志愿者被记录(12 个男人， 9 个女人，变老 41.7 +/- 10.6 年) 。测试在迫切感觉上与括约肌 squeeze 被重复。结果：快速的多卷的直肠的扩张导致了重要直肠的压力增加(P 【 0.001 ) ，肛门压力衰落(P 【 0.05 ) 并且汽球逐出。这些题目感到了迫切感觉但是没感到第一直肠的感觉。在迫切感觉上，肛门引起重要直肠的压力减少的 squeeze (P 【 0.001 ) 并且紧急消失。慢增长的直肠的充满与一个“音调”拉了 rectometrogram 在直肠的充满期间代表渐渐的直肠的压力增加的手足，和“撤退手足”在汽球逐出期间代表锋利的压力增加。曲线记录了第一直肠的感觉和迫切感觉。结论：直肠显然有二功能：交通(水管) 和存储，两个都取决于直肠的充满的度。如果直肠收到的烘便的材料是小的，它在直肠被存储直到大体积被到达那个罐头影响足够的直肠的扩张的度开始澄清反射。直肠的扩张直接唤起的大体积书籍的右页有产生澄清的肛门禁止的反射。

Effect of electromagnetic field exposure on spermatogenesis and sexual activity

Dear Sir, We read with interest the paper by Lee et al. [1].They reported that continuous exposure to an electro-magnetic field with extremely low frequency may in-duce testicular germ cell apoptosis in mice. Our group performed a series of experiments on theeffect of exposure to an electrostatic field on spermato-genesis alld sexual activity[2-7].Polyester(polyethyleneterphthalate)exhibited electrostatic potentials [ESPs] in

The cavernoso-anal reflex： response of the anal sphincters to cavernosus muscles＇ stimulation

Aim： To prove the hypothesis that cavernosus muscles＇ contraction during coitus affects the reflex contraction of anal sphincters. Methods： Electromyographic response of external and internal anal sphincters to ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscle stimulation was studied in 17 healthy volunteers （10 men, 7 women, mean aged 38.3 ± 11.6 years）. The test was repeated after individual anesthetization of anal sphincters and the two cavernosus muscles,and after using saline instead of lidocaine. Results： Upon stimulation of each of the two cavernosus muscles,external and internal anal sphincters recorded increased electromyographic activity. Anal sphincters did not respond to stimulation of the anesthetized cavernosus muscles nor did anesthetized anal sphincters respond to cavernosus muscles＇ stimulation. Saline infiltration did not affect anal sphincteric response to cavernosal muscles＇ stimulation.Conclusion： Cavernosus muscles＇ contraction is suggested to evoke anal sphincteric contraction, which seems to be a reflex and mediated through the ＂cavernoso-anal reflex＂. Anal sphincteric contraction during coitus presumably acts to close the anal canal to thwart flatus or fecal leak.

Effect of thermal cutaneous stimulation on the gastric motor activity:Study of the mechanism of action

AIM:To investigate the mechanism of action of thermal cutaneous stimulation on the gastric motor inhibition. METHODS:The gastric tone of 33 healthy volunteers (20 men, mean age 36.7 ± 8.4 years) was assessed by a barostat system consisting of a balloon-ended tube connected to a strain gauge and air-injection system. The tube was introduced into the stomach and the balloon was inflated with 300 mL of air. The skin temperature was elevated in increments of 3℃ up to 49℃ and the gastric tone was simultaneously assessed by recording the balloon volume variations expressed as the percentage change from the baseline volume. The test was repeated after separate anesthetization of the skin and stomach with lidocaine and after using normal saline instead of lidocaine. RESULTS:Thermal cutaneous stimulation resulted in a significant decrease of gastric tone 61.2% ± 10.3% of the mean baseline volume. Mean latency was 25.6 ± 1.2 ms. After 20 min of individual anesthetization of the skin and stomach, thermal cutaneous stimulation produced no significant change in gastric tone. CONCLUSION:Decrease in the gastric tone in response to thermal cutaneous stimulation suggests a reflex relationship which was absent on individual anesthetization of the 2 possible arms of the reflex arc:the skin and the stomach. We call this relationship the"cutaneo-gastric inhibitory reflex". This reflex may have the potential to serve as an investigative tool in the diagnosis of gastric motor disorders, provided further studies are performed in this respect.

Study of the duodenal contractile activity during antral contractions

AIM: To investigate the hypothesis that duodenal bulb (DB) inhibition on pyloric antrum (PA) contraction is reflex. METHODS: Balloon (condom)-tipped tube was introduced into 1st duodenum (DD) and a manometric tube into each of PA and DD. Duodenal and antral pressure response to duodenal and then PA balloon distension with saline was recorded. These tests were repeated after separate anesthetization of DD and PA. RESULTS: Two and 4 mL of 1st DD balloon distension produced no pressure changes in DD or PA (10.7 ± 1.2 vs 9.8 ± 1.2, 11.2 ± 1.2 vs 11.3 ± 1.2 on H2O respectively, P > 0.05). Six mL distension effected 1st DD pressure rise (30.6 ± 3.4 cm H2O, P < 0.01) and PA pressure decrease (6.2 ± 1.4 cm H2O, P < 0.05); no response in 2nd, 3rd and 4th DD. There was no difference between 6, 8, and 10 mL distensions. Ten mL PA distension produced no PA or 1st DD pressure changes (P > 0.05). Twenty mL distension increased PA pressure (92.4 ± 10.7 cm H2O, P < 0.01) and decreased 1st DD pressure (1.6 ± 0.3 cm H2O, P < 0.01); 30, 40, and 50 mL distension produced the same effect as the 20 mL distension (P > 0.05). PA or DD distension after separate anesthetization produced no significant pressure changes in PA or DD. CONCLUSION: Large volume DD distension produced DD pressure rise denoting DD contraction and PA pressure decline denoting PA relaxation. PA relaxation upon DD contraction is postulated to be mediated through a reflex which we call duodeno-antral reflex. Meanwhile, PA distension effected DD relaxation which we suggest to be reflex and termed antro-duodenal reflex. It is suggested that these 2 reflexes, could act as investigative tools indiagnosis of gastroduodenal motility disorders.

Duodeno-jejunal junction dyssynergia: Description of a novel syndrome

AIM: To investigate the hypothesis that duodeno-jejunal dyssynergia existed at the duodeno-jejunal junction. METHODS: Of 112 patients who complained of epigastric distension and discomfort after meals, we encountered nine patients in whom the duodeno-jejunal junction did not open on duodenal contraction. Seven healthy volunteers were included in the study. A condom which was inserted into the 1st duodenum was filled up to 10 mL with saline in increments of 2 mL and pressure response to duodenal distension was recorded from the duodenum, duodeno-jejunal junction and the jejunum. RESULTS: In healthy volunteers, duodenal distension with 2 and 4 mL did not produce pressure changes, while 6 and up to 10 mL distension effected significant duodenal pressure increase, duodeno-jejunal junction pressure decrease but no jejunal pressure change. In patients, resting pressure and duodeno-jejunal junction and jejunal pressure response to 2 and 4 mL duodenal distension were similar to those of healthy volunteers. Six and up to 10 mL 1st duodenal distension produced significant duodenal and duodeno-jejunal junction pressure increase and no jejunal pressure change. CONCLUSION: Duodeno-jejunal junction failed to open on duodenal contraction, a condition we call ‘duodeno- jejunal junction dyssynergia syndrome’ which probably leads to stagnation of chyme in the duodenum and explains patients' manifestations.