Balneological use of the Albanian Geothermal springs and waters dates back centuries, but the first modern use started in 1937. Unfortunately they had not been used for its energetic values yet. The temperature of the...Balneological use of the Albanian Geothermal springs and waters dates back centuries, but the first modern use started in 1937. Unfortunately they had not been used for its energetic values yet. The temperature of the water is above 60 °C and the flow above 16 l/s, thus direct utilization is possible, in particular for space heating. Three-dimensional temperature field calculations and engineering calculations on a heating system with heat exchangers are presented here. The results show that the water temperature is expected to be stable and considerably higher temperature is expected through deep well drilling. The University’s Campus of Tirana is composed of 29 buildings, which are partially heated through a coal heater. The installed capacity is 2558kW while the coal consumption is about 920 kg/h. The University’s Campus of Tirana is one of the most important areas and with the highest density of population in Tirana, so it is the best area to show the heat exchanger efficiency. The economic analyses prove that the borehole heat exchangers are more convenient than the coal heating systems.展开更多
The resource parameter estimation using stochastic finite element, geostatistics etc. is a key point on uncertainty, risk analysis, optimization [1-5] etc. In this view, the paper presents some consideration on: 1) St...The resource parameter estimation using stochastic finite element, geostatistics etc. is a key point on uncertainty, risk analysis, optimization [1-5] etc. In this view, the paper presents some consideration on: 1) Stochastic finite element estimation. The concept of random element is simplified as a stochastic finite element (SFE) taking into account a parallelepiped element with eight nodes in which are given the probability density functions (pdf) on its point supports. In this context it is shown: a—the stochastic finite element is a linear interpolator, related to the distributions given at each nodes;b—the distribution pdf in whatever point x ∈ V;c—the estimation of the mean value of Z(x);2) Volume integrals calculus;3) SFE in geostatistics approaches;4) SFE in PDE solution. Finally, some conclusions are presented underlying the importance of SFE展开更多
文摘Balneological use of the Albanian Geothermal springs and waters dates back centuries, but the first modern use started in 1937. Unfortunately they had not been used for its energetic values yet. The temperature of the water is above 60 °C and the flow above 16 l/s, thus direct utilization is possible, in particular for space heating. Three-dimensional temperature field calculations and engineering calculations on a heating system with heat exchangers are presented here. The results show that the water temperature is expected to be stable and considerably higher temperature is expected through deep well drilling. The University’s Campus of Tirana is composed of 29 buildings, which are partially heated through a coal heater. The installed capacity is 2558kW while the coal consumption is about 920 kg/h. The University’s Campus of Tirana is one of the most important areas and with the highest density of population in Tirana, so it is the best area to show the heat exchanger efficiency. The economic analyses prove that the borehole heat exchangers are more convenient than the coal heating systems.
文摘The resource parameter estimation using stochastic finite element, geostatistics etc. is a key point on uncertainty, risk analysis, optimization [1-5] etc. In this view, the paper presents some consideration on: 1) Stochastic finite element estimation. The concept of random element is simplified as a stochastic finite element (SFE) taking into account a parallelepiped element with eight nodes in which are given the probability density functions (pdf) on its point supports. In this context it is shown: a—the stochastic finite element is a linear interpolator, related to the distributions given at each nodes;b—the distribution pdf in whatever point x ∈ V;c—the estimation of the mean value of Z(x);2) Volume integrals calculus;3) SFE in geostatistics approaches;4) SFE in PDE solution. Finally, some conclusions are presented underlying the importance of SFE