Tissue Culture of Betula microphylla Bunge var. paludosa

[Objectives]This study aimed to study the tissue culture technique of Betula microphylla Bunge var. paludosa. [Methods]Taking seeds as explant,seedlings of B. microphylla were cultured. Then,stem sections with leaves were cut off and subjected to induction of clustered shoots. Finally,the rooting and transplanting of adventitious shoots were completed. Thus,the tissue culture system of B. microphylla was established. [Results]The natural seed germination induction medium was Murashige and Skoog( MS),and the germination rate was31%. The most suitable shoot induction medium was WPM medium added with 1. 0 mg/L of 6-benzylaminopurine( BA),and the multiplication coefficient was 13. 7. The rooting medium was Woody Plant medium( WPM) added with 1. 0 mg/L of indole-3-butytric acid( IBA),and the rooting rate was 100%. The transplanting substrate for tissue-cultured seedlings was composed of humus soil,vermiculite and perlite( V∶ V∶ V =4∶3∶3),and the survival rate reached 88. 75%. [Conclusions]The experimental materials are easy to obtain and preserve,and the proliferation is rapid. This study provides technical support for the rapid acquisition of the tissue-cultured seedlings of B. microphylla.

Critique of the Cruelty of the Iraq War:The Symbolism in Kevin Power’s The Yellow Birds

The Yellow Birds novel is written by the American writer Kevin Powers who is an Iraq War veteran.In this novel,he presented his memories and terrible experiment during his service.The novel has been acclaimed as one of the best contemporary novels on war,not only for its literary value but also for its boldness to reveal America’s role in spreading destruction in the world since its inception.One of the novel’s striking features is that the American soldier is not depicted as a hero who came to save Iraqi people from a tyrant and to bring democracy on a dish of gold,but as a human being divided between death and survival.Powers uses many different symbols to express his convictions and ideas.Symbolism is a very important instrument in the formation of the story.He used symbols to accentuate the meaning of a story and explain certain actions of a character,as a major tool to improve the personality of his characters,to represent different themes and set up events.Therefore,the main concern of this paper is to identify the major symbols that Powers has used in this novel and elucidate on their significance.

Neuronal Response to Reward and Luminance in Macaque LIP During Saccadic Choice

Recent work in decision neuroscience suggests that visual saliency can interact with reward-based choice,and the lateral intraparietal cortex(LIP)is implicated in this process.In this study,we recorded from LIP neurons while monkeys performed a two alternative choice task in which the reward and luminance associated with each offer were varied independently.We discovered that the animal’s choice was dictated by the reward amount while the luminance had a marginal effect.In the LIP,neuronal activity corresponded well with the animal’s choice pattern,in that a majority of reward-modulated neurons encoded the reward amount in the neuron’s preferred hemifield with a positive slope.In contrast,compared to their responses to low luminance,an approximately equal proportion of luminance-sensitive neurons responded to high luminance with increased or decreased activity,leading to a much weaker population-level response.Meanwhile,in the non-preferred hemifield,the strength of encoding for reward amount and luminance was positively correlated,suggesting the integration of these two factors in the LIP.Moreover,neurons encoding reward and luminance were homogeneously distributed along the anterior-posterior axis of the LIP.Overall,our study provides further evidence supporting the neural instantiation of a priority map in the LIP in reward-based decisions.

Unveiling Dynamic System Strategies for Multisensory Processing: From Neuronal Fixed-Criterion Integration to Population Bayesian Inference

Multisensory processing is of vital importance for survival in the external world.Brain circuits can both integrate and separate visual and vestibular senses to infer self-motion and the motion of other objects.However,it is largely debated how multisensory brain regions process such multisensory information and whether they follow the Bayesian strategy in this process.

Synergistic antibacterial photocatalytic and photothermal properties over bowl-shaped TiO_(2)nanostructures on Ti-19Zr-10Nb-1Fe alloy

As implant substitutes are increasingly applied to the clinic,the infection caused by implants has become one of the most common complications,and the modification of the antibacterial function of the implant can reduce such complications.In this work,a well-defined bowl-shaped nanostructure coating with photocatalytic and photothermal synergistic antibacterial properties was prepared on Ti-19Zr-10Nb-1Fe(TZNF)alloy.The coating is obtained by spin-coating and sintering TiO_(2)precursors templated from self-assembled microspheres of polystyrenepoly(4-vinylpyridine)(PS-P4VP)amphiphilic block polymer on TZNF alloy.PS-P4VP provides the bowl-shaped TiO_(2)nanostructures doped with C,N elements,reducing the band-gap of TiO_(2),which can absorb near-infrared(NIR)light to release reactive oxygen species and produce photothermal conversion.The bowl structure is expected to enhance the utilization of light via the reflection in the confined space.The bowl-shaped surface has 100%antibacterial rates after 30 min of NIR light irradiation.In addition to antibacterial properties,the bowl-shaped surface has better hydrophilicity and protein adsorption capacity.The amount of protein adsorbed on TZNF with the bowl-shaped structures was six times that of TZNF.Hence,the bowl-shaped nanostructure can promote the proliferation and adhesion of osteoblasts,the cell proliferation rate was increased by 10–30%.