Enhancement of defense responses by <i>Clonostachys rosea</i>against Botrytis <i>cinerea</i>in tomatoes

Clonostachys rosea (C. rosea) is a biocontrol agent that is used to combat and prevent phytopathogenic fungi attacks because of its ability to involve many factors and diverse modes of action. The reactions of C. rosea on the control of gray mold disease in tomato leaves were investigated in this study. To investigate the reactions of C. rosea in inducing resistance to tomato plants, three treatments, including Botrytis cinerea treatment (treatment B), C. rosea treatment (treatment C), C. rosea and B. cinerea treatment (treatment C + B) and water (control), to be applied on tomato leaves were set up. Disease severity was subsequently evaluated and compared with the control. The treatment of tomato leaves with C. rosea (15 μg/ml) significantly reduced the disease index after inoculation and severity of gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. The results indicated that the C. rosea treatment stimulated the activity of the defense related enzymes: Peroxidases (POX), lipoxygenases (LOX) and glutathione S-transferases (GST), and the treatment C + B reduced the incidence and severity of the gray mold. Furthermore, C. rosea treatment increased the activity of pathogenesis related proteins PR1. Therefore, our results suggest that C. rosea could enhance the resistance of tomato plants to gray mold through the activation of defense genes and via the enhancement of defense-related enzymatic activities.

A global perspective on microbial risk factors in effluents of wastewater treatment plants

Effective monitoring and management of microbial risk factors in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)effluents require a comprehensive investigation of these risks.A global survey on microbial risk factors in WWTP effluents could reveal important insights into their risk features.This study aims to explore the abundance and types of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs),virulence factor genes(VFGs),the vector of ARG/VFG,and dominant pathogens in global WWTP effluents.We collected 113 metagenomes of WWTP effluents from the Sequence Read Archive of the National Center for Biotechnology Information and characterized the microbial risk factors.Our results showed that multidrug resistance was the dominant ARG type,while offensive virulence factors were the most abundant type of VFGs.The most dominant types of ARGs in the vector of plasmid and phage were both aminoglycoside resistance,which is concerning as aminoglycosides are often a last resort for treating multi-resistant infections.Acinetobacter baumannii was the most dominant pathogen,rather than Escherichia coli,and a weak negative correlation between Escherichia coli and two other dominant pathogens(Acinetobacter baumannii and Bacteroides uniformis)suggests that using Escherichia coli as a biological indicator for all pathogens in WWTP effluents may not be appropriate.The Getah virus was the most dominant virus found in global WWTP effluents.Our study presents a comprehensive global-scale investigation of microbial risk factors in WWTP effluents,providing valuable insights into the potential risks associated with WWTP effluents and contributing to the monitoring and control of these risks.

Microbial-driven ectopic uranium extraction with net electrical energy production

The extraction of uranium (U) from U-bearing wastewater is of paramount importance for mitigating negative environmental impacts and recovering U resources. Microbial reduction of soluble hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) to insoluble tetravalent uranium (U(IV)) holds immense potential for this purpose, but its practical application has been impeded by the challenges associated with managing U-bacterial mixtures and the biotoxicity of U. To address these challenges, we present a novel spontaneous microbial electrochemical (SMEC) method that spatially decoupled the microbial oxidation reaction and the U(VI) reduction reaction. Our results demonstrated stable and efficient U extraction with net electrical energy production, which was achieved with both synthetic and real wastewater. U(VI) removal occurred via diffusion-controlled U(VI)-to-U(IV) reduction-precipitation at the cathode, and the UIVO_(2) deposited on the surface of the cathode contributed to the stability and durability of the abiotic U(VI) reduction. Metagenomic sequencing revealed the formation of efficient electroactive communities on the anodic biofilm and enrichment of the key functional genes and metabolic pathways involved in electron transfer, energy metabolism, the TCA cycle, and acetate metabolism, which indicated the ectopic reduction of U(VI) at the cathode. Our study represents a significant advancement in the cost-effective recovery of U from U(VI)-bearing wastewater and may open a new avenue for sustainable uranium extraction.

Carbon source recovery from waste sludge reduces greenhouse gas emissions in a pilot-scale industrial wastewater treatment plant

Carbon cycle regulation and greenhouse gas(GHG)emission abatement within wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)can theoretically improve sustainability.Currently,however,large amounts of external carbon sources used for deep nitrogen removal and waste sludge disposal aggravate the carbon footprint of most WWTPs.In this pilot-scale study,considerable carbon was preliminarily recovered from primary sludge(PS)through short-term(five days)acidogenic fermentation and subsequently utilized on-site for denitrification in a wool processing industrialWWTP.The recovered sludge-derived carbon sources were excellent electron donors that could be used as additional carbon supplements for commercial glucose to enhance denitrification.Additionally,improvements in carbon and nitrogen flow further contributed to GHG emission abatement.Overall,a 9.1%reduction in sludge volatile solids was achieved from carbon recovery,which offset 57.4%of external carbon sources,and the indirect GHG emissions of the target industrial WWTP were reduced by 8.05%.This study demonstrates that optimizing the allocation of carbon mass flow within a WWTP has numerous benefits.

Highly efficient removal of ozone by amorphous manganese oxides synthesized with a simple hydrothermal method

Amorphous manganese oxides (MnO_(x)) were synthesized by facile hydrothermal reactions between potassium permanganate and manganese acetate.Synthesis parameters,including hydrothermal time and temperature and molar ratio of precursors,significantly affected the ozone removal performance and structure property of MnO_(x).Amorphous MnO_(x)-1.5,which was prepared at the Mn^(2+)/Mn^(7+)molar ratio of 1.5 under hydrothermal conditions of 120℃ and 2 hr,showed the highest ozone removal rate of 93% after 480 min at the room temperature,RH (relative humidity)=80%and WHSV (weight hourly space velocity)=600 L/(g·hr).The morphology,composition and structure of catalysts were investigated with X-ray diffractometer (XRD),Raman spectra,N_(2) physisorption,field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),H2temperature-programmed reduction (H_(2)-TPR),O_(2) temperature-programmed desorption (O_(2)-TPD) and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS).It was confirmed that high catalytic activity of amorphous MnOxfor ozone removal was mainly ascribed to its abundant oxygen vacancies,high oxygen mobility and large specific surface area.

Cerium-modified amorphous manganese oxides for efficient catalytic removal of ozone

Manganese-based catalysts were widely developed for catalytic removal of ozone,and the low stability and water inactivation are major challenges.To improve removal performance of ozone,three methods were applied to modify amorphous manganese oxides,including acidification,calcination and Ce modification.The physiochemical properties of prepared samples were characterized,and the catalytic activity for ozone removal was evaluated.All modification methods can promote the removal of ozone by amorphous manganese oxides,and Ce modification showed the most significant enhancement.It was confirmed that the introduction of Ce markedly changed the amount and property of oxygen vacancies in amorphous manganese oxides.Superior catalytic activity of Ce-MnO_(x) can be ascribed to its more content and enhanced formation ability of oxygen vacancies,larger specific surface area and higher oxygen mobility.Furthermore,the durability tests under high relative humidity(80%)determined that Ce-MnO_(x) showed excellent stability and water resistance.These demonstrate the promising potential of amorphously Ce-modified manganese oxides for catalytic removal of ozone.

微生物降解磺胺甲恶唑的研究进展

抗生素是一类难降解、低浓度就有高生态毒性效应的化合物,近年来被归为新型环境污染物,其环境残留与去除备受关注。作为广泛使用的抗生素之一,磺胺甲恶唑在水土环境中的残留量不断增加,检出率也越来越高。研究表明,磺胺甲恶唑是少数几种可被微生物降解的抗生素之一,微生物降解法是最具潜力的残留磺胺甲恶唑去除手段。本文总结了磺胺甲恶唑在土壤、沉积物、活性污泥、混合菌群、酶等条件下的降解及已分离的具有降解能力的单菌株对磺胺甲恶唑的降解情况,包括其降解效率、降解条件等,归纳了目前磺胺甲恶唑微生物降解的主要分类,并讨论了影响磺胺甲恶唑降解的两个特有因素。指出从分子生物学及生物信息学角度研究其降解途径,降解菌、降解菌群的人工构建及其在含磺胺甲恶唑污水处理中的应用与效果评价等应为今后磺胺甲恶唑生物降解与应用研究的重点。

Effect of seed sludge on characteristics and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated by using different kinds of seed sludge in sequencing batch airlift reactor. The influence of seed sludge on physical and chemical properties of granular sludge was studied; the microbial community structure was probed by using scanning electron microscope and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE）. The results showed that seed sludge played an important role on the formation of aerobic granules. Seed sludge taken from beer wastewater treatment plant （inoculum A） was more suitable for cultivating aerobic granules than that of sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant （inoculurn B）. Cultivated with inoculum A, large amount of mature granules formed after 35 days operation, its SVI reached 32.75 mL/g, and SOUR of granular sludge was beyond 1.10 mg/（g.min）. By contrast, it needed 56 days obtaining mature granules using inoculum B. DGGE profiles indicated that the dominant microbial species in mature granules were 18 and 11 OTU when inoculum A and B were respectively employed as seed sludge. The sequencing results suggested that dominant species in mature granules cultivated by inoculum A were Paracoccus sp., Devosia hwasunensi, Pseudoxanthomonas sp., while the dominant species were Lactococcus raffinolactis and Pseudomonas sp. in granules developed from inoculum B.

Removal of nitric oxide from simulated flue gas via denitrification in a hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor

A hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor （HMBR） was studied for its ability to treat nitric oxide （NO） from simulated flue gas. The HMBR was operated for 9 months and showed a maximum elimination capacity of 702 mg NO/（m2.day） with a removal efficiency of 86% （gas residence time of 30 sec, inlet NO concentration of 2680 mg/m^3, pH 8）. Varying operation parameters were tested to determine the stability and response of the HMBR. Both the inlet NO concentration and gas residence time influenced the removal of NO in the HMBR. NO elimination capacity increased with an increase in inlet NO concentration or a shortening of gas residence time. Higher removal efficiency of NO was obtained at a longer gas residence time or a lower inlet NO concentration. Microbial communities of the HMBR were sensitive to the variation in pH value and alkalescence corresponding to an optimum pH value of 8. In addition, NO elimination capacity and removal efficiency were inversely proportional to the inlet oxygen concentration. Sulfur dioxide had no great influence on elimination capacity and removal efficiency of NO. Product analysis was performed to study N20 and N2 production and confirmed that the majority of the microorganisms were denitrifying bacteria in the HMBR. Compared to other bioreactors treating NO, this study showed that the denitrifying HMBR was a good option for the removal of NO.

Microbial community functional structure in response to micro-aerobic conditions in sulfate-reducing sulfur-producing bioreactor

Limited oxygen supply to anaerobic wastewater treatment systems had been demonstrated as an effective strategy to improve elemental sulfur （So） recovery, coupling sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation. However, little is known about the impact of dissolved oxygen （DO） on the microbial functional structures in these systems. We used a high throughput tool （GeoChip） to evaluate the microbial community structures in a biological desulfurization reactor under micro-aerobic conditions （DO： 0.02-0.33 rag/L）. The results indicated that the microbial community functional compositions and structures were dramatically altered with elevated DO levels. The abundances of dsrA/B genes involved in sulfate reduction processes significantly decreased （p 〈 0.05, LSD test） at relatively high DO concentration （DO： 0.33 mg/L）. The abundances of sox and fccA/B genes involved in sulfur/sulfide oxidation processes significantly increased （p 〈 0.05, LSD test） in low DO concentration conditions （DO： 0.09 mg/L） and then gradually decreased with continuously elevated DO levels. Their abundances coincided with the change of sulfate removal efliciencies and elemental sulfur （S^0） conversion efficiencies in the bioreactor. In addition, the abundance of carbon degradation genes increased with the raising of DO levels, showing that the heterotrophic microorganisms （e.g., fermentative microorganisms） were thriving under micro-aerobic condition. This study provides new insights into the impacts of micro-aerobic conditions on the microbial functional structure of sulfate- reducing sulfur-producing bioreactors, and revealed the potential linkage between functional microbial communities and reactor performance.

Sediment microbial fuel cell with floating biocathode for organic removal and energy recovery

A sediment microbial fuel cell （SMFC） with three dimensional floating biocathode （FBC） was developed for the electricity generation and biodegradation of sediment organic matter in order to avoid negative effect of dissolved oxygen （DO） depletion in aqueous environments on cathode performance and search cost-effective cathode materials. The biocathode was made from graphite granules with microbial attachment to replace platinum （Pt）-coated carbon paper cathode in a laboratory-scale SMFC （3 L in volume） filled with river sediment （organic content 49±4 g. kg^-1 dry weight）. After start-up of 10 days, the maximum power density of 1.00W.m^-3 （based on anode volume） was achieved. The biocathode was better than carbon paper cathode catalyzed by Pt. The attached biofilm on cathode enhanced power generation significantly. The FBC enhanced SMFC performance further in the presence aeration. The SMFC was continuously operated for an over 120-day period. Power generation peaked within 24 days, declined gradually and stabilized at a level of 1/6 peak power output. At the end, the sediment organic matter content near the anode was removed by 29% and the total electricity generated was equal to 0.251 g of chemical oxygen demand （COD） removed.

Effects of various pretreatment methods on mixed microflora to enhance biohydrogen production from corn stover hydrolysate

Five individual pretreatment methods, including three widely-used protocols （heat, acid and base） and two novel attempts （ultrasonic and ultraviolet）, were conducted in batch tests to compare their effects on mixed microflora to enhance hydrogen （H2） production from corn stover hydrolysate. Experimental results indicated that heat and base pretreatments significantly increased H2 yield with the values of 5.03 and 4.45 mmol H2/g sugar utilized, respectively, followed by acid pretreatment of 3.21 mmol H2/g sugar utilized. However, compared with the control （2.70 mmol H2/g sugar utilized）, ultrasonic and ultraviolet pretreatments caused indistinctive effects on H2 production with the values of 2.92 and 2.87 mmol H2/g sugar utilized, respectively. The changes of soluble metabolites composition caused by pretreatment were in accordance with H2-producing behavior. Concretely, more acetate accumulation and less ethanol production were found in pretreated processes, meaning that more reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide （NADH） might be saved and flowed into H2-producing pathways. PCR-DGGE analysis indicated that the pretreatment led to the enrichment of some species, which appeared in large amounts and even dominated the microbial community. Most of the dominated species were affiliated to Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia spp. As another efflcient H2 producer, Clostridium bifermentan was only found in a large quantity after heat pretreatment. This strain might be mainly responsible for better performance of H2 production in this case.

Upgrading VFAs bioproduction from waste activated sludge via co-fermentation with soy sauce residue

Conditioning of extra carbon sources has been widely reported to facilitate fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS). Soy sauce residue (SSR) was a relatively untapped carbon source for sludge conditioning. This batch study aimed to evaluate the possible implementation of SSR for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production from WAS. To upgrade the bioavailability of feedstock, three typical pretreatment methods were conducted, i.e., ammonium hydroxide (AH), sulfuric acids (SA) and thermal assisted alkaline (TA). AH pretreated test (AH-PT) outperformed due to a relatively strong structure decomposition of cellulosic materials as revealed by infrared spectroscopic analysis and crystal index. As a result, performed a high hydrolysis rate of 4449 mg COD/d, 1.12-1.23-fold higher than that in TA and SA pretreated tests (TA-PT and SA-PT), and 7.8-fold higher than that in the Control test. Meanwhile, a volatile fatty acids (VFAs) contribution of 401.2 mg COD/g SSR L and a maximum acidification rate of 3.59 d was recorded, with a high sum proportion of mall molecular acetic and propionic 82.2%, 11%-70% increase over the other three tests. Besides, speciation process characterized with functional genus differentiation was identified by microbial diversity and distribution investigation and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Finally, a potential market value of 0.49-0.65 Billion €/year was preliminary estimated, showing promise of resource recovery from both WAS and SSR instead of extensive disposal.

Performance of low temperature Microbial Fuel Cells(MFCs)catalyzed by mixed bacterial consortia

Microbial Fuel Cells（MFCs） are a promising technology for treating wastewater in a sustainable manner. In potential applications, low temperatures substantially reduce MFC performance. To better understand the effect of temperature and particularly how bioanodes respond to changes in temperature, we investigated the current generation of mixed-culture and pure-culture MFCs at two low temperatures, 10°C and 5°C. The results implied that the mixed-culture MFC sustainably performed better than the pure-culture（Shewanella） MFC at 10°C, but the electrogenic activity of anodic bacteria was substantially reduced at the lower temperature of 5°C. At 10°C, the maximum output voltage generated with the mixed-culture was 540–560 m V, which was 10%–15% higher than that of Shewanella MFCs. The maximum power density reached 465.3 ± 5.8 m W/m^2 for the mixed-culture at10°C, while only 68.7 ± 3.7 m W/m^2 was achieved with the pure-culture. It was shown that the anodic biofilm of the mixed-culture MFC had a lower overpotential and resistance than the pure-culture MFC. Phylogenetic analysis disclosed the prevalence of Geobacter and Pseudomonas rather than Shewanella in the mixed-culture anodic biofilm, which mitigated the increase of resistance or overpotential at low temperatures.

Effect of temperature switchover on the degradation of antibiotic chloramphenicol by biocathode bioelectrochemical system

Exposure to chloramphenicol（CAP）,a chlorinated nitroaromatic antibiotic,can induce CAP-resistant bacteria/genes in diverse environments. A biocathode bioelectrochemical system（BES） was applied to reduce CAP under switched operational temperatures.When switching from 25 to 10°C,the CAP reduction rate（kCAP） and the maximum amount of the dechlorinated reduced amine product（AMCl,with no antibacterial activity） by the biocathode communities were both markedly decreased. The acetate and ethanol yield from cathodophilic microbial glucose fermentation（with release of electrons） was also reduced. Formation of the product AMCl was enhanced by the biocathode dechloridation reaction compared with that produced from pure electrochemical or microbial dechloridation processes. The electrochemical and morphological analyses of cathode biofilms demonstrated that some cathodophilic microbes could adapt to low temperature and play a key role in CAP degradation. The resilient biocathode BES has a potential for the treatment of CAP-containing wastewater in temperature fluctuating environments.

Enhanced methane recovery and exoelectrogen-methanogen evolution from low-strength wastewater in an up-flow biofilm reactor with conductive granular graphite fillers

Methane production from low-strength wastewater （LSWW） is generally difficult because of the low metabolism rate of methanogens. Here, an up-flow biofilm reactor equipped with conductive granular graphite （GG） as fillers was developed to enhance direct interspecies electron transfer （DIET） between syntrophie electroactive bacteria and methanogens to stimulate methanogcnesis process. Compared to quartz sand fillers, using condnctive fillers significantly enhanced methane production and accelerated the start-up stage ofbJ.ofilm reactor. At HRT of 6 h, the average methane production rate and methane yield of reactor with GG were 0.106 m3/（m3.d） and 74.5 L/kg COD, which increased by 34.3 times and 22.4 times respectively compared with the reactor with common quartz sand fillers. The microbial cornmunity analysis revealed that methanogens structure was significantly altered and the archaea that are involved in DIET （such as Methanohacterium） were enriched in GG fillet- The beneficial effects ot conductive fillers on methane production implied a practical strategy tbr efficient methane recovery from LSWW.

Microbial community structure in different wastewater treatment processes characterized by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique

In order to investigate microbial community structures in different wastewater treatment processes and understand the relationship between the structures and the status of processes,the microbial community diversity,variety and distribution in five wastewater treatment pro cesses were studied by a culture-independent genetic fingerprinting technique single-strand conformation poly-morphism(SSCP).The five processes included denitrifying and phosphate-removal system(diminished N),Chinese traditional medicine wastewater treatment system(P),beer wastewater treatment system(W),fermentative biohydrogen-producing system(H),and sulfate-reduction system(S).The results indicated that the microbial community profiles in the wastewater bioreactors with the uniform status were very similar.The diversity of microbial populations was correlated with the complexity of organic contaminants in wastewater.Chinese traditional medicine wastewater contained more complex organic components;hence,the population diversity was higher than that of simple nutrient bioreactors fed with molasses wastewater.Compared with the strain bands in a simulated community,the relative proportion of some functional microbial populations in bioreactors was not dom-inant.Fermentative biohydrogen producer Ethanoligenens harbinense in the better condition bioreactor had only a 5% band density,and the Desulfovibrio sp.in the sulfate-reducing bioreactor had less than 1.5%band density.The SSCP profiles could identify the difference in microbial community structures in wastewater treatment processes,monitor some of the functional microbes in these processes,and consequently provide useful guidance for improving their efficiency.

GeoChip-based analysis of the microbial community functional structures in simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification process

The elemental sulfur （S^0） recover）, was evaluated in the presence of hi,ate in two development models of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification （SDD） process. At the loading rates of 0.9 kg S/（m^3.day） for sulfide and 0.4 kg N/（m^3.day） for nitrate, SO conversion rate was 91.1% in denitrifying sulfide removal （DSR） model which was higher than in integrated simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification （ISDD） model （25.6%）. A comprehensive analysis of functional diversity, structure and metabolic potential of microbial communities was examined in two models by using functional gene array （GeoChip 2.0）. GeoChip data indicated that diversity indices, community structure, and abundance of functional genes were distinct between two models. Diversity indices （Simpson＇s diversity index （1/D） and Shannon-Weaver index （H′）） of all detected genes showed that with elevated infiuent loading rate, the functional diversity decreased in ISDD model but increased in DSR model. In contrast to ISDD model, the overall abundance of dsr genes was lower in DSR model, while some functional genes targeting from nitrate-reducing sulfide-oxidizingbacteria {NR-SOB）, such as Thiobacillus denitrficans, Sulfurimonas denitrificans, and Paracoccus pantotrophus were more abundant in DSR model which were highly associated with the change of SO conversion rate obtained in two models. The results obtained in this study provide additional insights into the microbial metabolic mechanisms involved in ISDD and DSR models, which in turn will improve the overall performance of SDD process.

Investigation of colloidal biogenic sulfur flocculation:Optimization using response surface analysis

The colloidal properties of biogenic elemental sulfur（S^0）cause solid–liquid separation problems,such as poor settling and membrane fouling.In this study,the separation of S^0 from bulk liquids was performed using flocculation.Polyaluminum chloride（PAC）,polyacrylamide（PAM）and microbial flocculant（MBF）were compared to investigate their abilities to flocculate S^0 produced during the treatment of sulfate-containing wastewater.A novel approach with response surface methodology（RSM）was employed to evaluate the effects and interactions of flocculant dose,pH and stirring intensity,on the treatment efficiency in terms of the S^0 flocculation and the supernatant turbidity removal.The dose optimization results indicated that the S^0 flocculation efficiency decreased in the following order PAC〉MBF〉PAM.Optimum S^0 flocculation conditions were observed at pH 4.73,a stirring speed of 129 r/min and a flocculant dose of 2.42 mg PAC/mg S.During optimum flocculation conditions,the S^0f locculation rate reached 97.53%.Confirmation experiments demonstrated that employing PAC for S^0 flocculation is feasible and RSM is an efficient approach for optimizing the process of S^0 flocculation.The results provide basic parameters and conditions for recovering sulfur during the treatment of sulfate-laden wastewaters.

Trophic mode and organics metabolic characteristic of fungal community in swine manure composting

The succession of fungal community,trophic mode and metabolic characteristics were evaluated in 60 days composting of swine manure by high-throughput sequencing,FUNGuild and Biolog method,respectively.The result showed that the ftingal community diversity reached to the highest level(76 OTUs)in the thermophilic phase of composting,then sustained decline to 15 OTUs after incubation.There were 10 fungal function groups in the raw swine manure.Pathotroph-saprotroph fungi reached to 15.91%on Day-10but disappeared on Day-60.Dung saprotroph-undefined saprotroph fungi grown from 0.19%to 52.39%during the treatment.The ftmgal community had more functional groups but the lower substrate degradation rates in the thermophilic phase.The fungal communities on Day-0 and Day-60 had the highest degradation rates of amino acids and polymers,respectively.Redundancy analysis showed that ORP(49.6%),VS/Ash(45.3%)and moisture(39.2%)were the main influence factors on the succession of fungal community in the swine manure composting process.