They say the ocean's filled with food.From sea to shining sea.There's something called a jellyfish,How tasty can that be?Before I get my knife and bread,Before I get my dish,Can anybody help me find The peanut...They say the ocean's filled with food.From sea to shining sea.There's something called a jellyfish,How tasty can that be?Before I get my knife and bread,Before I get my dish,Can anybody help me find The peanut-butter-fish?展开更多
Article 5 of the Stockholm Convention requires that each Party shall take measures to reduce the releases from anthropogenic sources of unintentional persistent organic pollutants(UPOPs),with the goal of their continu...Article 5 of the Stockholm Convention requires that each Party shall take measures to reduce the releases from anthropogenic sources of unintentional persistent organic pollutants(UPOPs),with the goal of their continuing minimization and,where feasible,their ultimate elimination.A major source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs)and other unintentional POPs releases,both in China and worldwide,is the metal industry in particular secondary metal industries such as copper smelting.More than 50%of the global secondary copper production is now in China and high levels of PCDD/Fs are released from these operations with the national inventory of China reporting a total of 1133.8 g toxic equivalents(TEQ)yr1.Consequently the Global Environment Facility(GEF)is supporting the project‘UPOPs Reduction through best available techniques and best environmental practices(BAT/BEP)in the secondary copper production sector’in China compromising>50%of the global secondary copper production.As part of this project,information on relevant UPOPs from the metal industry have been reviewed and is presented here.This information should also be useful for other(developing)countries for controlling UPOPs releases from metal industries.This review and the information it contains provides a robust resource for policy makers,the industry and researchers to improve secondary copper production to BAT/BEP standards in relation to the reduction of PCDD/Fs and other UPOPs release.The contents include the details required to assist the understanding of the formation of chlorinated UPOPs along with their brominated and brominated-chlorinated analogues.It reviews the international sources of information on BAT/BEP,including the integrated approach considered in the European BAT Reference document,and shows how this can be used to achieve an overall reduction of pollutant releases from the industry.The current national standards of PCDD/F limits to air,water and solid residues have been compiled and are also included.Challenges which need to be addressed,such as the current international lack to consider brominated and mixed bromo-chloro PXDD/Fs which might be more environmentally significant than PCDD/Fs in some facilities e are also discussed.The study includes a brief description of the steps China has taken to change the national regulatory framework and to improve the sustainability of its secondary metal industry.The Stockholm Convention BAT/BEP guidelines recommend consideration of integrated pollution prevention and control and sustainable production as general principles which parties may incorporate when applying the BAT/BEP guidelines and guidance.This holistic approach is considered in the current project and in the improvement of the pilot facilities and will also be considered in the replication of experiences in other facilities.Using this approach ensures the implementation of the Stockholm Convention can contribute to integrated pollution prevention and control,the development of a circular economy and consequently to genuinely sustainable development thus contributing to different sustainable development goals(SDGs).It is hoped this approach will be adopted in other developing and transition economies and thus help to achieve improvements of the secondary metal industry globally.展开更多
Background:An accurate assessment of the carbon budget is a crucial part of projecting future climate change and its impact on ecosystems.Grasslands foster multiple ecological functions including support for wild anim...Background:An accurate assessment of the carbon budget is a crucial part of projecting future climate change and its impact on ecosystems.Grasslands foster multiple ecological functions including support for wild animals and livestocks.Herbivores intake forage biomass carbon,then digest and metabolize,and finally retain some carbon.The carbon processes have not been well quantified,resulting in uncertainties in the estimation of regional carbon budgets for grassland ecosystems.Methods:An animal metabolic carbon flux model was developed for herbivores in the Three-Rivers Headwaters region of China.The forage intake and metabolic carbon rates were estimated through metabolic body weight and daily digested measures for the main herbivore species.Results:The carbon intake was 5.52 Tg C year−1(45%)from partial aboveground biomass(12.2 Tg C year−1),in which 39.31%was released into the atmosphere by respiration CO_(2),43.77%was returned to the ecosystem as feces and urine,and 16.96%was retained in herbivores for population regeneration or for human well-being.Conclusions:This study,as the first research on this topic,quantified the carbon flux of herbivores and found livestock accounts for a major part of consumed carbon on grasslands,which is important for understanding regional carbon budgets to mitigate and adapt to climate change over grasslands worldwide.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the British Heart Foundation, Heart Research UK, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, KC Wong/China Scholarship Council, and EU COST ACTION B35.
文摘They say the ocean's filled with food.From sea to shining sea.There's something called a jellyfish,How tasty can that be?Before I get my knife and bread,Before I get my dish,Can anybody help me find The peanut-butter-fish?
基金the National Key Research and Development Project of China(2019YFC1805600)the Global Environment Facility(Project 5383)the contributions are highly appreciated.
文摘Article 5 of the Stockholm Convention requires that each Party shall take measures to reduce the releases from anthropogenic sources of unintentional persistent organic pollutants(UPOPs),with the goal of their continuing minimization and,where feasible,their ultimate elimination.A major source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs)and other unintentional POPs releases,both in China and worldwide,is the metal industry in particular secondary metal industries such as copper smelting.More than 50%of the global secondary copper production is now in China and high levels of PCDD/Fs are released from these operations with the national inventory of China reporting a total of 1133.8 g toxic equivalents(TEQ)yr1.Consequently the Global Environment Facility(GEF)is supporting the project‘UPOPs Reduction through best available techniques and best environmental practices(BAT/BEP)in the secondary copper production sector’in China compromising>50%of the global secondary copper production.As part of this project,information on relevant UPOPs from the metal industry have been reviewed and is presented here.This information should also be useful for other(developing)countries for controlling UPOPs releases from metal industries.This review and the information it contains provides a robust resource for policy makers,the industry and researchers to improve secondary copper production to BAT/BEP standards in relation to the reduction of PCDD/Fs and other UPOPs release.The contents include the details required to assist the understanding of the formation of chlorinated UPOPs along with their brominated and brominated-chlorinated analogues.It reviews the international sources of information on BAT/BEP,including the integrated approach considered in the European BAT Reference document,and shows how this can be used to achieve an overall reduction of pollutant releases from the industry.The current national standards of PCDD/F limits to air,water and solid residues have been compiled and are also included.Challenges which need to be addressed,such as the current international lack to consider brominated and mixed bromo-chloro PXDD/Fs which might be more environmentally significant than PCDD/Fs in some facilities e are also discussed.The study includes a brief description of the steps China has taken to change the national regulatory framework and to improve the sustainability of its secondary metal industry.The Stockholm Convention BAT/BEP guidelines recommend consideration of integrated pollution prevention and control and sustainable production as general principles which parties may incorporate when applying the BAT/BEP guidelines and guidance.This holistic approach is considered in the current project and in the improvement of the pilot facilities and will also be considered in the replication of experiences in other facilities.Using this approach ensures the implementation of the Stockholm Convention can contribute to integrated pollution prevention and control,the development of a circular economy and consequently to genuinely sustainable development thus contributing to different sustainable development goals(SDGs).It is hoped this approach will be adopted in other developing and transition economies and thus help to achieve improvements of the secondary metal industry globally.
基金Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(Grant No.2019QZKK0302)CAS-Qinghai Province Joint program on Three-River Headwaters National Park(Grant No.LHZX-2020-07)Qinghai Natural Science Fund Innovation Team Project(Grant No.2021-ZJ-902).
文摘Background:An accurate assessment of the carbon budget is a crucial part of projecting future climate change and its impact on ecosystems.Grasslands foster multiple ecological functions including support for wild animals and livestocks.Herbivores intake forage biomass carbon,then digest and metabolize,and finally retain some carbon.The carbon processes have not been well quantified,resulting in uncertainties in the estimation of regional carbon budgets for grassland ecosystems.Methods:An animal metabolic carbon flux model was developed for herbivores in the Three-Rivers Headwaters region of China.The forage intake and metabolic carbon rates were estimated through metabolic body weight and daily digested measures for the main herbivore species.Results:The carbon intake was 5.52 Tg C year−1(45%)from partial aboveground biomass(12.2 Tg C year−1),in which 39.31%was released into the atmosphere by respiration CO_(2),43.77%was returned to the ecosystem as feces and urine,and 16.96%was retained in herbivores for population regeneration or for human well-being.Conclusions:This study,as the first research on this topic,quantified the carbon flux of herbivores and found livestock accounts for a major part of consumed carbon on grasslands,which is important for understanding regional carbon budgets to mitigate and adapt to climate change over grasslands worldwide.
