Nanoparticles（NPs）from anthropogenic sources have applications in several commercial products,including cosmetics,pharmaceuticals,and materials.There is evidence that during their usage and disposal,engineered nanop...Nanoparticles（NPs）from anthropogenic sources have applications in several commercial products,including cosmetics,pharmaceuticals,and materials.There is evidence that during their usage and disposal,engineered nanoparticles can and will be released into wastewater（Gottschalk et al.,2013;Pasricha et al.,2012;Westerhoff et al.,2013;Zheng et al.,2015）.If water and wastewater treatment plants are inefficient or incapable of removing NPs from water,NPs will be released with the treated effluent,entering drinking water sources and natural aquatic environments,increasing exposure for plants,microorganisms,展开更多
Hundreds of millions of people around the world are exposed to elevated concentrations of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds, increasing the risk of a wide range of health effects. Studies of the environmental fa...Hundreds of millions of people around the world are exposed to elevated concentrations of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds, increasing the risk of a wide range of health effects. Studies of the environmental fate and human health effects of arsenic require authentic arsenic compounds. We summarize here the synthesis and characterization of more than a dozen methylated and thiolated arsenic compounds that are not commercially available. We discuss the methods of synthesis for the following14 trivalent（Ⅲ） and pentavalent（） arsenic compounds： monomethylarsonous acid（MMA~Ⅲ）, dicysteinylmethyldithioarsenite（MMA~Ⅲ（Cys）_2）, monomethylarsonic acid（MMA~Ⅴ）,monomethylmonothioarsonic acid（MMMTAⅤ） or monothio-MMA~Ⅴ, monomethyldithioarsonic acid（MMDTA~Ⅴ） or dithio-MMA~Ⅴ, monomethyltrithioarsonate（MMTTA~Ⅴ） or trithio-MMA~Ⅴ,dimethylarsinous acid（DMA~Ⅲ）, dimethylarsino-glutathione（DMA~Ⅲ（SG））, dimethylarsinic acid（DMA~Ⅴ）, dimethylmonothioarsinic acid（DMMTA~Ⅴ） or monothio-DMAⅤ, dimethyldithioarsinic acid（DMDTA~Ⅴ） or dithio-DMA~Ⅴ, trimethylarsine oxide（TMAO~Ⅴ）, arsenobetaine（AsB）, and an arsenicin-A model compound. We have reviewed and compared the available methods,synthesized the arsenic compounds in our laboratories, and provided characterization information. On the basis of reaction yield, ease of synthesis and purification of product, safety considerations, and our experience, we recommend a method for the synthesis of each of these arsenic compounds.展开更多
基金Alberta Health,Alberta Innovates,the Canada Research Chairs Programthe Canadian Institutes of Health Researchthe Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada for their support
文摘Nanoparticles（NPs）from anthropogenic sources have applications in several commercial products,including cosmetics,pharmaceuticals,and materials.There is evidence that during their usage and disposal,engineered nanoparticles can and will be released into wastewater（Gottschalk et al.,2013;Pasricha et al.,2012;Westerhoff et al.,2013;Zheng et al.,2015）.If water and wastewater treatment plants are inefficient or incapable of removing NPs from water,NPs will be released with the treated effluent,entering drinking water sources and natural aquatic environments,increasing exposure for plants,microorganisms,
基金supported by Alberta Health, Alberta Innovates, the Canada Research Chairs Programthe Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada
文摘Hundreds of millions of people around the world are exposed to elevated concentrations of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds, increasing the risk of a wide range of health effects. Studies of the environmental fate and human health effects of arsenic require authentic arsenic compounds. We summarize here the synthesis and characterization of more than a dozen methylated and thiolated arsenic compounds that are not commercially available. We discuss the methods of synthesis for the following14 trivalent（Ⅲ） and pentavalent（） arsenic compounds： monomethylarsonous acid（MMA~Ⅲ）, dicysteinylmethyldithioarsenite（MMA~Ⅲ（Cys）_2）, monomethylarsonic acid（MMA~Ⅴ）,monomethylmonothioarsonic acid（MMMTAⅤ） or monothio-MMA~Ⅴ, monomethyldithioarsonic acid（MMDTA~Ⅴ） or dithio-MMA~Ⅴ, monomethyltrithioarsonate（MMTTA~Ⅴ） or trithio-MMA~Ⅴ,dimethylarsinous acid（DMA~Ⅲ）, dimethylarsino-glutathione（DMA~Ⅲ（SG））, dimethylarsinic acid（DMA~Ⅴ）, dimethylmonothioarsinic acid（DMMTA~Ⅴ） or monothio-DMAⅤ, dimethyldithioarsinic acid（DMDTA~Ⅴ） or dithio-DMA~Ⅴ, trimethylarsine oxide（TMAO~Ⅴ）, arsenobetaine（AsB）, and an arsenicin-A model compound. We have reviewed and compared the available methods,synthesized the arsenic compounds in our laboratories, and provided characterization information. On the basis of reaction yield, ease of synthesis and purification of product, safety considerations, and our experience, we recommend a method for the synthesis of each of these arsenic compounds.
