Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for feeding and nutrition of both term and pre-term infants. Fresh mother’s own milk is recognized as the optimal choice for feeding all newborns, including pr...Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for feeding and nutrition of both term and pre-term infants. Fresh mother’s own milk is recognized as the optimal choice for feeding all newborns, including preterm and very low birth weight infants. Evidence documents short and long-term metabolic, immunologic and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding when compared to formula. Moreover, benefits of breastfeeding on psychological and relational aspects have to be considered. Currently, human milk supplementation is usually performed to meet the specific nutritional requirements of preterm infants. When mother’s milk is unavailable or in short supply, donor milk represents the best alternative, although some nutritional elements are inactivated by the necessary pasteurization process. Aim of this review is to briefly summarize the main biological and nutritional factors that contribute to the beneficial effects of human milk feeding for preterm infants.展开更多
Background Since populations are becoming increasingly multi-ethnic,the use of local or international charts is a matter of debate.This study aimed to evaluate how the choice of cut-off thresholds affected prevalence ...Background Since populations are becoming increasingly multi-ethnic,the use of local or international charts is a matter of debate.This study aimed to evaluate how the choice of cut-off thresholds affected prevalence of underweight(UW),overweight(OW),obesity(OB)in 120011-12-year Italian adolescents,and how their somatic growth depended on parental origin.Methods The height,weight and body mass index were expressed as standard deviation score(SDS)using Italian(ISPED-2006)and UK(UK-1990)charts.The classification of UW/OW/OB was computed with the IOTF international cut-offs,and thresholds were identified as centiles corresponding to BMI values of 18.5/25.0/30.0 kg/m^(2)at 18-year in ISPED-2006 or UK-1990 references.Results About 30%participants had non-Italian parents,above all from North-Africa and Romania.Referring to the UK-1990 charts,all groups showed negative mean SDS for height,and positive SDS for weight and BMI.Referring to the ISPED-2006 charts,all mean SDS were negative.Percentage of UW individuals was higher in accordance with ISPED-2006 than with UK-1990 charts,whereas percentages of OW/OB were higher with UK-1990 than ISPED-2006 charts.The results obtained using IOFT cut-offs were similar to UK-1990 cut-offs.These results were due to the different shape of age-dependent cut-off centiles.Independently by the parental origin,the percentages of adolescents classified as OW/OB were closer to the expected values using the ISPED-2006 then the UK-1990 cut-offs.The results suggested the use of the Italian references for adolescents with immigrant parents.Conclusion The use of local charts seems more appropriate at least in Italian adolescents in the age range studied.展开更多
文摘Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for feeding and nutrition of both term and pre-term infants. Fresh mother’s own milk is recognized as the optimal choice for feeding all newborns, including preterm and very low birth weight infants. Evidence documents short and long-term metabolic, immunologic and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding when compared to formula. Moreover, benefits of breastfeeding on psychological and relational aspects have to be considered. Currently, human milk supplementation is usually performed to meet the specific nutritional requirements of preterm infants. When mother’s milk is unavailable or in short supply, donor milk represents the best alternative, although some nutritional elements are inactivated by the necessary pasteurization process. Aim of this review is to briefly summarize the main biological and nutritional factors that contribute to the beneficial effects of human milk feeding for preterm infants.
文摘Background Since populations are becoming increasingly multi-ethnic,the use of local or international charts is a matter of debate.This study aimed to evaluate how the choice of cut-off thresholds affected prevalence of underweight(UW),overweight(OW),obesity(OB)in 120011-12-year Italian adolescents,and how their somatic growth depended on parental origin.Methods The height,weight and body mass index were expressed as standard deviation score(SDS)using Italian(ISPED-2006)and UK(UK-1990)charts.The classification of UW/OW/OB was computed with the IOTF international cut-offs,and thresholds were identified as centiles corresponding to BMI values of 18.5/25.0/30.0 kg/m^(2)at 18-year in ISPED-2006 or UK-1990 references.Results About 30%participants had non-Italian parents,above all from North-Africa and Romania.Referring to the UK-1990 charts,all groups showed negative mean SDS for height,and positive SDS for weight and BMI.Referring to the ISPED-2006 charts,all mean SDS were negative.Percentage of UW individuals was higher in accordance with ISPED-2006 than with UK-1990 charts,whereas percentages of OW/OB were higher with UK-1990 than ISPED-2006 charts.The results obtained using IOFT cut-offs were similar to UK-1990 cut-offs.These results were due to the different shape of age-dependent cut-off centiles.Independently by the parental origin,the percentages of adolescents classified as OW/OB were closer to the expected values using the ISPED-2006 then the UK-1990 cut-offs.The results suggested the use of the Italian references for adolescents with immigrant parents.Conclusion The use of local charts seems more appropriate at least in Italian adolescents in the age range studied.
