Everincreasing ambient ozone(O3)pollution in China has been exacerbating cardiopulmonary premature deaths.However,the urban-rural exposure inequity has seldom been explored.Here,we assess populationcale 03 exposure an...Everincreasing ambient ozone(O3)pollution in China has been exacerbating cardiopulmonary premature deaths.However,the urban-rural exposure inequity has seldom been explored.Here,we assess populationcale 03 exposure and mortality burdens between 1990 and 2019 based on integrated pollution tracking and epidemiological evidence.We find Chinese population have been suffering from climbing 03 exposure by 4.3±2.8 ppb per decade as a result of rapid urbanization and growing prosperity of socioeconomic activities.Rural residents are broadly exposed to 9.8±4.1 ppb higher ambient O3 than the adjacent urban citizens,and thus urbaniza-tion-oriented migration compromises the exposure-associated mortality on total population.Cardiopulmonary excess premature deaths attributable to longterm 03 exposure,373,500(95%uncertainty interval[U]:240,600-510,900)in 2019,is underestimated in previous studies due to ignorance of cardiovascular causes.Future 03 pollution policy should focus more on rural population who are facing an aggravating threat of mortality risks to ameliorate environmental health injustice.展开更多
Accurately simulating the geographical distribution and temporal variability of global surface ozone has long been one of the principal components of chemistry-climate modelling.However,the simulation outcomes have be...Accurately simulating the geographical distribution and temporal variability of global surface ozone has long been one of the principal components of chemistry-climate modelling.However,the simulation outcomes have been reported to vary significantly as a result of the complex mixture of uncertain factors that control the tropospheric ozone budget.Settling the cross-model discrepancies to achieve higher accuracy predictions of surface ozone is thus a task of priority,and methods that overcome structural biases in models going beyond naïve averaging of model simulations are urgently required.Building on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),we have transplanted a conventional ensemble learning approach,and also constructed an innovative 2-stage enhanced space-time Bayesian neural network to fuse an ensemble of 57 simulations together with a prescribed ozone dataset,both of which have realised outstanding performances(R2>0.95,RMSE<2.12 ppbv).The conventional ensemble learning approach is computationally cheaper and results in higher overall performance,but at the expense of oceanic ozone being overestimated and the learning process being uninterpretable.The Bayesian approach performs better in spatial generalisation and enables perceivable interpretability,but induces heavier computational burdens.Both of these multi-stage machine learning-based approaches provide frameworks for improving the fidelity of composition-climate model outputs for uses in future impact studies.展开更多
Long-term ozone(O_(3))exposure may lead to non-communicable diseases and increase mortality risk.However,cohort-based studies are relatively rare,and inconsistent exposure metrics impair the credibility of epidemiolog...Long-term ozone(O_(3))exposure may lead to non-communicable diseases and increase mortality risk.However,cohort-based studies are relatively rare,and inconsistent exposure metrics impair the credibility of epidemiological evidence synthetization.To provide more accurate meta-estimations,this study updates existing systematic reviews by including recent studies and summarizing the quantitative associations between O_(3) exposure and cause-specific mortality risks,based on unified exposure metrics.Cross-metric conversion factors were estimated linearly by decadal observations during 1990-2019.展开更多
基金UK Natural Environment Research Council(NERC)UK Na tional Centre for Atmospheric Science(NCAS),Australian Research Council(DP210102076)+8 种基金Australian National Health and Medical Research Council(APP2000581)H.Z.S andM.W.receive funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)via the UK Research and Innovation(UKRI)Centre for Doctoral Training in Application of Artificial Itelligence to the study of Environmental Risks(AI4ER,EP/S022961/1)HZ.S.also gives thanks for generous support from the US Fulbright Pro-gram.P.Y.is supported by China Scholarship Council(no.201906210065)Z.S.acknow-edges support from the UKRI NERC Cambridge Climate,Life and Earth Doctoral Training Partnership(C-CL EAR DTP,NE/S007164/1)M.M.C.is sponsored by the Croucher Founda-tion and Cambridge Commonwealth,European and Intemational Trust funding through a Croucher Cambridge Intemational ScholarshipH.L.is supported by the National NaturalSci ence Foundation of China(no.42061130213)Royal Society of the United Kingdom through the Newton Advanced Fllowship(NAF/R1/201166)A.TA.acknowledges funding from NERC(NE/P016383/1)through the Met Office UKRI Clean Air Program.Y.G.is supported by a Career Development Fellowship of the Australian Natinal Health and Med-|cal Research Council(APP1163693)Special appreciation is extended to Prof.Xiao Lu(School of Atmospheric Sciences,Sun Yat sen University)for his insightful discussion on the quality control of TOAR and CNEMC observations,and Prof.Aiyu Liu(Department of Sociology,Peking University)for her trenchant research perspectives on China's urbanization,to improve this curent interdiscilinary research.
文摘Everincreasing ambient ozone(O3)pollution in China has been exacerbating cardiopulmonary premature deaths.However,the urban-rural exposure inequity has seldom been explored.Here,we assess populationcale 03 exposure and mortality burdens between 1990 and 2019 based on integrated pollution tracking and epidemiological evidence.We find Chinese population have been suffering from climbing 03 exposure by 4.3±2.8 ppb per decade as a result of rapid urbanization and growing prosperity of socioeconomic activities.Rural residents are broadly exposed to 9.8±4.1 ppb higher ambient O3 than the adjacent urban citizens,and thus urbaniza-tion-oriented migration compromises the exposure-associated mortality on total population.Cardiopulmonary excess premature deaths attributable to longterm 03 exposure,373,500(95%uncertainty interval[U]:240,600-510,900)in 2019,is underestimated in previous studies due to ignorance of cardiovascular causes.Future 03 pollution policy should focus more on rural population who are facing an aggravating threat of mortality risks to ameliorate environmental health injustice.
文摘Accurately simulating the geographical distribution and temporal variability of global surface ozone has long been one of the principal components of chemistry-climate modelling.However,the simulation outcomes have been reported to vary significantly as a result of the complex mixture of uncertain factors that control the tropospheric ozone budget.Settling the cross-model discrepancies to achieve higher accuracy predictions of surface ozone is thus a task of priority,and methods that overcome structural biases in models going beyond naïve averaging of model simulations are urgently required.Building on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6),we have transplanted a conventional ensemble learning approach,and also constructed an innovative 2-stage enhanced space-time Bayesian neural network to fuse an ensemble of 57 simulations together with a prescribed ozone dataset,both of which have realised outstanding performances(R2>0.95,RMSE<2.12 ppbv).The conventional ensemble learning approach is computationally cheaper and results in higher overall performance,but at the expense of oceanic ozone being overestimated and the learning process being uninterpretable.The Bayesian approach performs better in spatial generalisation and enables perceivable interpretability,but induces heavier computational burdens.Both of these multi-stage machine learning-based approaches provide frameworks for improving the fidelity of composition-climate model outputs for uses in future impact studies.
基金This study is funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council(NERC),UK National Centre for Atmospheric Science(NCAS),Australian Research Council(DP210102076)Australian National Health and Medical Research Council(APP2000581).H.Z.S.,M.W.,and S.H.receive funding fromthe Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(EPSRC)via the UK Research and Innovation(UKRI)Centre for Doctoral Training in Application of Artificial Intelligence to the study of Environmental Risks(AI4ER,EP/S022961/1).A.T.A.acknowledges funding from NERC(NE/P016383/1)and through the Met Office UKRI Clean Air Program.Y.G.is supported by a Career Development Fellowship of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council(APP1163693).All contents of this study are solely the responsibility of the grantees and do not represent the official views of the supporting agencies.
文摘Long-term ozone(O_(3))exposure may lead to non-communicable diseases and increase mortality risk.However,cohort-based studies are relatively rare,and inconsistent exposure metrics impair the credibility of epidemiological evidence synthetization.To provide more accurate meta-estimations,this study updates existing systematic reviews by including recent studies and summarizing the quantitative associations between O_(3) exposure and cause-specific mortality risks,based on unified exposure metrics.Cross-metric conversion factors were estimated linearly by decadal observations during 1990-2019.