Purpose: To evaluate the profile of in vitro susceptibility of yeasts isolated from cases of primary and espisodic vulvovaginitis to two antifungal agents. Methods: 40 Candida isolates from episodes of vulvovaginal ca...Purpose: To evaluate the profile of in vitro susceptibility of yeasts isolated from cases of primary and espisodic vulvovaginitis to two antifungal agents. Methods: 40 Candida isolates from episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis were identified by classic methodologies. The susceptibility testing of the in vitro fluconazole and ketoconazole activity against the isolates was accessed by E-test. Results: C. albicans was the most common species identified in 70% of the occurrences followed by C. glabrata (20%), C. tropicalis (7.5%), and C. guilliermondii (2.5%). In the susceptibility profile to antifungal agents, 12.5% and 16.7% of the isolates obtained from primary and episodic vulvovaginal candidiasis were resistant to fluconazole, respectively. To ketoconazole, we found that 6.25% and 12.5% of the isolates respectively from primary vulvovaginal candidiasis (PVVC) and episodic vulvovaginal candidiasis (EVVC) had high MIC values. Conclusions: E-test is a reliable method for the susceptibility testing of Candida spp. due to its simplicity, reproducibility, and lack of specialized equipment. Resistant strains and non-albicans species were verified more in cases of EVVC than in PVVC. Clinical and mycological cure of patients with episodic vulvovaginal candidiasis or complicated cases occurred after prolonged treatment and sometimes with multiple antifungals use.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aim</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aim</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To evaluate photodynamic therapy (PDT) </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to reduce the growth of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Candida</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp, and its synergy with the antifungals fluconazole and ketoconazole for inhibition of resistant, DDS and susceptible isolates from asymptomatic carriers and with complicated vulvovaginitis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Between 2017 and 2020</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> we evaluated 230 women with vulvovaginal candidiasis and 400 asymptomatic. We obtained 130 positive cultures for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Candida </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">spp from vulvovaginitis and 94 asymptomatic. Yeasts were characterized by classical and molecular tests. Sensitivity to fluconazole and ketoconazole was evaluated by E-test. We used photodynamic light through blue LED, wavelengths between 450 to 470 nm, power of 260 mW, energy</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">f</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">l</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">uence of 270 J/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, for 15 minutes over all colonies of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Candida</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methylene blue (MB) at 450 mg/mL, 2% gentian violet (VG) and 50</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μM curcumin (CR) were used in association or not with LED irradiation. Suspensions of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Candida </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">spp of 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> CFU/mL, subjected to the different assays, were introduced in 96-well microplates, incubated for 48 hours at 35</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span>C and the readings at 530</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nm. The samples were finally cultivated in Petri plates containing Sabouraud dextrose agar to assess the growth inhibition. All procedures were in triplicate. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was prevalent in vulvovaginal candidiasis, however, we also isolated non-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> species such as </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. glabrata</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> C. tropicalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. parapsilosis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. There was a substantial reduction (66.6% to 83.8%) of the CFU/mL of the isolates treated with FDT. Gentian violet at 2% alone reduced the growth of CFU/ml of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Candida</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp from 69% to 75%. Among isolates of vaginitis and asymptomatic carriers, after using FDT, we found a reduction in resistant phenotypes and DDS for fluconazole in percentages from 20% to 100% for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, from 50% to 100% </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. glabrata</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 33.3% to 100% </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. parapsilosis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 100% </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. tropicalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. For ketoconazole in the same isolates, there was a reduction in phenotypes with MIC</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">16 μg/mL of up to 50% in </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 50% to 100% </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. glabrata</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 50% to 100% </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. tropicalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> PDT with MB, GV and CR revealed efficacy </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in reducing the growth of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and non-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, especially due to chronic recurrent vulvovaginitis.</span></span>展开更多
The plasticity and dynamism in the immune responses to both self and environmental stimulation promote the maintenance and adaptation of a system that tends to harmoniously survive and evolve. Fluctuating antigenic fo...The plasticity and dynamism in the immune responses to both self and environmental stimulation promote the maintenance and adaptation of a system that tends to harmoniously survive and evolve. Fluctuating antigenic forces coexist within the immune system and oscillate between order and chaos to the equilibrium. Thus, when mounting a response to internal or environmental antigens, the main host responses can be divided into two immunological categories. The first, a well-adapted mechanism of complex multi-cellular organisms classically known as tolerance, promotes persistent immunological responses. In the second, opposite way, the modulation of inflammatory immune responses occurs, which we call “intolerance”. Tolerance and intolerance can be mediated by humoral molecules, such as inflammatory compounds, complement, and antibodies, and by different cell types, such as sentinel cells, antigen-presenting cells, and cells that orchestrate the immune response. Tolerogenesis is important in vertebrates because it predisposes species to adapt to self and environmental negative-selective forces. This process depends, in large part, on antigenic co-stimulation (AgCS), which operates as a multi-integrated network formed by all immune and non-immune cells of the body that establishes tolerant immunoregulatory interactions from cells to cells and from cells to the environment. Antigenic distribution, quantity, nature, route of administration, and antigenic convergence on co-stimulatory pathways, and concurrent infections, and the presence of microorganisms (commensals and pathogens) in more than one site are important factors for activating AgCS. To conclude, the AgCS route is a natural immune response generated by heterogeneous APC profile with centralized regulation that promote the counterbalance between intolerant e tolerant status, which can have several applications in the medical and biological fields.展开更多
文摘Purpose: To evaluate the profile of in vitro susceptibility of yeasts isolated from cases of primary and espisodic vulvovaginitis to two antifungal agents. Methods: 40 Candida isolates from episodes of vulvovaginal candidiasis were identified by classic methodologies. The susceptibility testing of the in vitro fluconazole and ketoconazole activity against the isolates was accessed by E-test. Results: C. albicans was the most common species identified in 70% of the occurrences followed by C. glabrata (20%), C. tropicalis (7.5%), and C. guilliermondii (2.5%). In the susceptibility profile to antifungal agents, 12.5% and 16.7% of the isolates obtained from primary and episodic vulvovaginal candidiasis were resistant to fluconazole, respectively. To ketoconazole, we found that 6.25% and 12.5% of the isolates respectively from primary vulvovaginal candidiasis (PVVC) and episodic vulvovaginal candidiasis (EVVC) had high MIC values. Conclusions: E-test is a reliable method for the susceptibility testing of Candida spp. due to its simplicity, reproducibility, and lack of specialized equipment. Resistant strains and non-albicans species were verified more in cases of EVVC than in PVVC. Clinical and mycological cure of patients with episodic vulvovaginal candidiasis or complicated cases occurred after prolonged treatment and sometimes with multiple antifungals use.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aim</span></b><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span></b><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To evaluate photodynamic therapy (PDT) </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to reduce the growth of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Candida</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp, and its synergy with the antifungals fluconazole and ketoconazole for inhibition of resistant, DDS and susceptible isolates from asymptomatic carriers and with complicated vulvovaginitis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Between 2017 and 2020</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> we evaluated 230 women with vulvovaginal candidiasis and 400 asymptomatic. We obtained 130 positive cultures for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Candida </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">spp from vulvovaginitis and 94 asymptomatic. Yeasts were characterized by classical and molecular tests. Sensitivity to fluconazole and ketoconazole was evaluated by E-test. We used photodynamic light through blue LED, wavelengths between 450 to 470 nm, power of 260 mW, energy</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">f</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">l</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">uence of 270 J/cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, for 15 minutes over all colonies of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Candida</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methylene blue (MB) at 450 mg/mL, 2% gentian violet (VG) and 50</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μM curcumin (CR) were used in association or not with LED irradiation. Suspensions of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Candida </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">spp of 10</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> CFU/mL, subjected to the different assays, were introduced in 96-well microplates, incubated for 48 hours at 35</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">˚</span>C and the readings at 530</span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nm. The samples were finally cultivated in Petri plates containing Sabouraud dextrose agar to assess the growth inhibition. All procedures were in triplicate. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was prevalent in vulvovaginal candidiasis, however, we also isolated non-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> species such as </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. glabrata</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> C. tropicalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. parapsilosis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. There was a substantial reduction (66.6% to 83.8%) of the CFU/mL of the isolates treated with FDT. Gentian violet at 2% alone reduced the growth of CFU/ml of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Candida</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> spp from 69% to 75%. Among isolates of vaginitis and asymptomatic carriers, after using FDT, we found a reduction in resistant phenotypes and DDS for fluconazole in percentages from 20% to 100% for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, from 50% to 100% </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. glabrata</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 33.3% to 100% </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. parapsilosis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 100% </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. tropicalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. For ketoconazole in the same isolates, there was a reduction in phenotypes with MIC</span></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">></span><span style="font-family:;" "=""> </span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">16 μg/mL of up to 50% in </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 50% to 100% </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. glabrata</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, 50% to 100% </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. tropicalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> PDT with MB, GV and CR revealed efficacy </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in reducing the growth of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">C. albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and non-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">albicans</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, especially due to chronic recurrent vulvovaginitis.</span></span>
文摘The plasticity and dynamism in the immune responses to both self and environmental stimulation promote the maintenance and adaptation of a system that tends to harmoniously survive and evolve. Fluctuating antigenic forces coexist within the immune system and oscillate between order and chaos to the equilibrium. Thus, when mounting a response to internal or environmental antigens, the main host responses can be divided into two immunological categories. The first, a well-adapted mechanism of complex multi-cellular organisms classically known as tolerance, promotes persistent immunological responses. In the second, opposite way, the modulation of inflammatory immune responses occurs, which we call “intolerance”. Tolerance and intolerance can be mediated by humoral molecules, such as inflammatory compounds, complement, and antibodies, and by different cell types, such as sentinel cells, antigen-presenting cells, and cells that orchestrate the immune response. Tolerogenesis is important in vertebrates because it predisposes species to adapt to self and environmental negative-selective forces. This process depends, in large part, on antigenic co-stimulation (AgCS), which operates as a multi-integrated network formed by all immune and non-immune cells of the body that establishes tolerant immunoregulatory interactions from cells to cells and from cells to the environment. Antigenic distribution, quantity, nature, route of administration, and antigenic convergence on co-stimulatory pathways, and concurrent infections, and the presence of microorganisms (commensals and pathogens) in more than one site are important factors for activating AgCS. To conclude, the AgCS route is a natural immune response generated by heterogeneous APC profile with centralized regulation that promote the counterbalance between intolerant e tolerant status, which can have several applications in the medical and biological fields.