3D Bioprinting with Live Cells

In recent years,the shortage of available organs for transplant patients has grown exponentially across the globe.Consequently,the healthcare industry is in dire need of artificial substitutes.Many recent research studies and tissue engineering groups have decided to utilize 3D bioprinting to produce these artificial organs.This synthetic organ printing is made possible by advancements in the materials required for the constructs,the printing method-ologies used to produce them,and the final physical structures’varying properties.The cutting-edge research and technology related to 3D and 4D live cell bioprinting have recently allowed researchers to produce multiple types of artificial organs and tissues.These tissues can be utilized for drug screening and organ replacement applica-tions.This article provides an extensive review of all the pertinent 3D live cell bioprinting technologies.First,we describe scaffolding methods and their comparison with the traditional technologies.Second,we explain the 3D bioprinting technology,its evolution,and its multiple types.Moreover,we describe the pros and cons of each bioprinting method.Third,we have discussed the critical bioink properties and their impact on the formation of 3D bioprinting models.In addition,we also describe the mechanical properties of bioprinters.Fourth,we have thoroughly discussed the various types of hydrogels and their properties.Every kind of hydrogel is utilized in specific applications,and we have presented a comprehensive list of its advantages and disadvantages.Fifth,we have discussed various applications of 3D bioprinting technology.We have considered a case study of human or-gans and elaborated on how bioprinters can revolutionize the organ replacement industry.Finally,we evaluated the possibility of 4D printing in the future organ industry,incorporating temporal factors into the bioprinting process.

Biomaterials for Adhesion in Orthopedic Applications:A Review

Adhesive biomaterials,historically,have had a wide range of applications in all medical fields.With the extensive variety of biomaterials with adhesion properties,the field of orthopedics benefits from using adhesives which can provide superior biocompatibility,resorbability,and low immunogenicity.The goal of this review is to serve as a reference of the types of adhesive biomaterials used clinically and their specific applicability in the field of orthopedics.The applications of adhesive biomaterials in orthopedics are as scaffolds,filler materials to treat bone defects and as carrier materials to deposit other bioactive materials to a site.First,we review the history and background of adhesive biomaterials and some of their general applications in orthopedics.Then we focus on the various types of adhesive biomaterials which include fibrin,collagen,polyurethane,epoxy resin,cyanoacrylates,polyesters and polymethylmethacrylate,all of which are excellent candidates for the field of orthopedics.We discuss their properties,current applications in all fields,and advantages and disadvantages found in some studies.Lastly,we indicate some future directions for adhesive biomaterials in orthopedics and highlight their advantages over conventional biomaterials in orthopedics.