Arrhythmogenic epilepsy and pacing need: A matter of controversy

There is increasing awareness among the cardiology community regarding ictal bradyarrhythmias as a cause of loss of consciousness. A high degree of suspicion is necessary when diagnosing ictal bradyarrhythmias, and delay in diagnosing this condition may lead to morbidity associated with falls and trauma. Ictal bradyarrhythmias have also been suggested to be associated with sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, although evidence related to this association is limited. There is no guidelinedirected therapy for symptomatic ictal bradyarrhythmias due to a lack of randomized, controlled trials. Cardiac pacemaker therapy is commonly used for these patients; however, currently, there is no universal agreement on the pacing indications for these patients. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of ictal bradyarrhythmias and then discuss the pacing need based on the available literature data.