The nano-sized organic carbon （NOC） particles emitted from a small gasoline engine were characterized using various ex situ optical techniques to assess their hazardous impact. The exhaust gas was sampled iso-kineti...The nano-sized organic carbon （NOC） particles emitted from a small gasoline engine were characterized using various ex situ optical techniques to assess their hazardous impact. The exhaust gas was sampled iso-kinetically by a quartz probe and passed through de-ionized water to gather the hydrophilic car- bonaceous particulates as hydrosol. The hydrodynamic diameter of the particles ranged between 1.7 and 3.6 nm at no load, with a mean diameter of 2.4 nm. The particle size in the engine exhaust was found to increase at higher loads, which is attributed to coagulation of the particles. The chemical structure of the particles was analyzed using UV-vis and infra-red spectroscopy. Both the band gap energy and oscillator strength data evaluated from the UV-vis absorbance showed that the NOC particles contained polyaromatic hydrocarbon structures with three to five aromatic rings. Infra-red spectroscopy analysis further confirmed the presence of aliphatic and carbonyl functionalities in the aromatic structures of the particles. The fine size of the particles, their high number concentration for the type of the engine under study and their structural features, make the particles extremely hazardous for environment and health.展开更多
A fluid dynamic model of a bubbling fluidized-bed coal gasifier is presented considering two-phase theory of fluidization. The effects of the gasifier temperature and bed particle size on the hydrodynamic char- acteri...A fluid dynamic model of a bubbling fluidized-bed coal gasifier is presented considering two-phase theory of fluidization. The effects of the gasifier temperature and bed particle size on the hydrodynamic char- acteristics of both the bubble and emulsion phases of the gasifier bed are studied. The bubble diameter, bubble velocity, and bubble area fraction are evaluated for the bubble phase, whereas the gas velocity and porosity are studied for the emulsion phase, along the height of the bed. Finally, the rate of inter-phase gas exchange from the emulsion phase to bubble phase is calculated under different operating conditions.展开更多
基金the support from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR),Govt.of India(Grant No.9/96(0622)2K10-EMR-I)for conducting this research
文摘The nano-sized organic carbon （NOC） particles emitted from a small gasoline engine were characterized using various ex situ optical techniques to assess their hazardous impact. The exhaust gas was sampled iso-kinetically by a quartz probe and passed through de-ionized water to gather the hydrophilic car- bonaceous particulates as hydrosol. The hydrodynamic diameter of the particles ranged between 1.7 and 3.6 nm at no load, with a mean diameter of 2.4 nm. The particle size in the engine exhaust was found to increase at higher loads, which is attributed to coagulation of the particles. The chemical structure of the particles was analyzed using UV-vis and infra-red spectroscopy. Both the band gap energy and oscillator strength data evaluated from the UV-vis absorbance showed that the NOC particles contained polyaromatic hydrocarbon structures with three to five aromatic rings. Infra-red spectroscopy analysis further confirmed the presence of aliphatic and carbonyl functionalities in the aromatic structures of the particles. The fine size of the particles, their high number concentration for the type of the engine under study and their structural features, make the particles extremely hazardous for environment and health.
文摘A fluid dynamic model of a bubbling fluidized-bed coal gasifier is presented considering two-phase theory of fluidization. The effects of the gasifier temperature and bed particle size on the hydrodynamic char- acteristics of both the bubble and emulsion phases of the gasifier bed are studied. The bubble diameter, bubble velocity, and bubble area fraction are evaluated for the bubble phase, whereas the gas velocity and porosity are studied for the emulsion phase, along the height of the bed. Finally, the rate of inter-phase gas exchange from the emulsion phase to bubble phase is calculated under different operating conditions.
