Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.

Assessment of Forest Growing Stock of Timergara Forest Subdivision, Dir Lower Forest Division

The present study was aimed to assess the growing stock of Timergara forest subdivision which was a part of Dir lower forest division (Pakistan). The study area was divided into two different climatic zones (i.e. sub-tropical sub humid and sub-humid temperate zones) on the basis of altitudinal considerations. A total of 43 sample plots are taken in the forest area of 8480 hectare with random sampling technique representing 0.5% of the total forest area. Each sample plot size was of one hectare. In each 100 × 100 m (1 ha plot), number of trees, diameter, age, height, increment, form factor and volume were measured. An interrelation between the diameter (independent variable) and all the other dependent variables (volume, increment and height) were found. At the end, volume tables were made which suited the local conditions as the ones used before were not suited to the local conditions.

Current updates of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and targeting within tumor cells:an innovative strategy of cancer management

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein(CRISPR/Cas9),an adaptive microbial immune system,has been exploited as a robust,accurate,efficient and programmable method for genome targeting and editing.This innovative and revolutionary technique can play a significant role in animal modeling,in vivo genome therapy,engineered cell therapy,cancer diagnosis and treatment.The CRISPR/Cas9 endonuclease system targets a specific genomic locus by single guide RNA(sgRNA),forming a heteroduplex with target DNA.The Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9/sgRNA:DNA complex reveals a bilobed architecture with target recognition and nuclease lobes.CRISPR/Cas9 assembly can be hijacked,and its nanoformulation can be engineered as a delivery system for different clinical utilizations.However,the efficient and safe delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target tissues and cancer cells is very challenging,limiting its clinical utilization.Viral delivery strategies of this system may have many advantages,but disadvantages such as immune system stimulation,tumor promotion risk and small insertion size outweigh these advantages.Thus,there is a desperate need to develop an efficient non-viral physical delivery system based on simple nanoformulations.The delivery strategies of CRISPR/Cas9 by a nanoparticle-based system have shown tremendous potential,such as easy and large-scale production,combination therapy,large insertion size and efficient in vivo applications.This review aims to provide in-depth updates on Streptococcus pyogenic CRISPR/Cas9 structure and its mechanistic understanding.In addition,the advances in its nanoformulation-based delivery systems,including lipid-based,polymeric structures and rigid NPs coupled to special ligands such as aptamers,TAT peptides and cell-penetrating peptides,are discussed.Furthermore,the clinical applications in different cancers,clinical trials and future prospects of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery and genome targeting are also discussed.