Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus among Livestock and Pet Animals

Staphylococcus aureus is an important zoonotic pathogen that is responsible for a variety of infectious diseases in humans and animals.The present study was designed to check the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of MSSA from three different animal origins(bovine,caprine and pet).A total of n=450 samples(150 each source)were collected from bovine,caprine and pets.Collected samples were subjected to S.aureus identification by microbiological examination and confirmed S.aureus isolates were put to oxacillin disk diffusion test to declare them MSSA.The MSSA confirmed isolates were subjected to various antibiotics for susceptibility profiling using Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion test.The present study found higher prevalence of MSSA from caprine origin(goat 83.33%)as compared to pet(cat 69.33%;dog 65.33%)and bovine origin(buffalo 26.66%;cattle 31.66%).The in-vitro findings of current study revealed oxytetracycline and gentamicin presented 100%efficacy against MSSA of all origins while the vancomycin presented>35%,>40%and>65%resistance against MSSA isolated from bovine,caprine and pet origin respectively.However,ciprofloxacin was equally effective(50%)against MSSA from buffalo and cattle while>80%efficacy was noted against MSSA from cat and dogs.Linezolid and amoxicillin+clavulanic acid were 77.78%and 66.67%sensitive to MSSA isolates from caprine milk.The present study found higher prevalence of MSSA from bovine,caprine and pet isolates with diversified pattern of susceptibility of different antibiotics from all sources.

Alterations in Quality Parameters of Mastitic Milk

Quality milk production in modern dairy systems is facing many challenges.Salient in them is mastitis which is responsible for decline in milk production,altered milk composition and compromised udder health.The malaise consists of multiple bacterial etiologies which can be broadly classified into contagious pathogens and environmental pathogens S.aureus is being isolated invariably in all epidemiological studies,followed by E.coli.Pathogenic virulence in mastitis is often accounted due to microbial ability of producing wide array of virulence factors that enhances pathogenicity and sustainment potential in the epithelial linings of udder.Mastitis affects quality parameters of milk i.e.constitutional as well as mineral profile due to local damage and inflammatory mediators.It decreases the lactose secretion because of oxidative stress generated due to the formation of free radicals in the milk.In mastitic milk,IgG2 becomes the predominant antibody which is thought to be the main opsonin supporting neutrophil phagocytosis in the bovine mammary gland.Therefore,it plays a significant role in the battle against mastitis pathogens.Mastitis infected cow shows a notable elevated level of the sodium and chloride and demoted level of calcium,potassium and inorganic phosphorus.In micro minerals,mastitis effects are pretty much same as in most macro minerals i.e.lower down their concentration in milk secretion.Consistent preventive strategy alongside strict surveillance and biosecurity is recommended for combating this challenge.

Economic Impacts of Clinical and Sub Clinical Mastitis on Dairy Farms

Studies have reported on the economic impacts of clinical and subclinical mastitis on dairy farms.Bovine mastitis is a disorder that affects dairy farms and has a major economic impact.Most of the economic losses are the result of mastitis.Mastitis is an invasive infection that is among the most numerous and highly complicated infections in the dairy sector.Mastitis is one of the most expensive diseases in terms of production losses among animal diseases.Mastitis reduces milk production,changes milk composition,and shortens the productive life of infected cows.Farmers must concentrate on avoiding mastitis infection whilst putting in place and following a mastitis control programed.Bovine mastitis,the most significant disease of dairy herds,has huge effects on farm economics.Mastitis losses are due to reduced milk production,the cost of treatments,and culling.Major factors related to low milk yield could be low genetic potential as well as poor nutritional and managerial approaches.Most of the losses are related to somatic cell count(SCC),which is characterised by an increase in the percentage of milk.Culling costs are the costs of rearing or buying a replacement animal,mostly heifers.Overhead impacts include the replacement animals'lower milk supply effectiveness.The expense of replacing animals prematurely due to mastitis is one of the most significant areas of economic loss.