A Review Study of Wireless Sensor Networks and Its Security

The confluence of cheap wireless communication, sensing and computation has produced a new group of smart devices and by using thousands of these kind of devices in self-organizing networks has formed a new technology that is called wireless sensor networks (WSNs). WSNs use sensor nodes that placed in open areas or in public places and with a huge number that creates many problems for the researchers and network designer, for giving an appropriate design for the wireless network. The problems are security, routing of data and processing of large amount of data etc. This paper describes the types of WSNs and the possible solutions for tackling the listed problems and solution of many other problems. This paper will deliver the knowledge about the WSN and types with literature review so that a person can get more knowledge about this emerging field.

In vivo laxative, anti-diarrheal, hepatoprotective and diuretic investigations of Sterculia diversifolia and its isolated compounds

OBJECTIVE:To investigated the laxative,anti-diarrheal,hepatoprotective and diuretic activity of Sterculia diversifolia and its isolated compounds.METHODS:The laxative activity was studied by counting wet stools while anti-diarrheal activity was performed by measuring gastrointestinal tract motility.Hepatoprotective activity was studied by biochemical and histo-pathological analysis while diuretic activity was performed by urine collection protocol.RESULTS:Doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg of crude methanolic extract of Sterculia diversifolia(MESD)stem bark and leaves,significantly(P<0.05,P<0.01)produced wet feces in subjects pretreated with atropine while 8-hydroxyquercetin and dihydroquercetin showed highly significant(P<0.001)results by increasing fecal weight and water contents without producing diarrhea.MESD stem bark and leaves also dose-dependently lowered diar-rhea while 8-hydroxyquercetin and dihydroquercetin showed highly significant(P<0.001)results by producing shaped stools in mice.MESD,8-hydroxyquercetin and dihydroquercetin offered significant protection against histopathological changes in the liver.Diuretic activity of Crude MESD stem bark and leaves extracts shows highly significant diuretic effect while dihydroquercetin showed better results than 8-hydroxyquercetin.CONCLUSION:It is concluded that Sterculia diversifolia and its isolated compounds bears laxative,anti-diarrheal,hepatoprotective and diuretic effects.

Detailed approach toward the anti-hyperglycemic potential of Sterculia diversifolia G.Don against alloxan-induced in vivo hyperglycemia model

OBJECTIVE:To investigate Sterculia diversifolia G.Don for potential anti-diabetic activity in the in vivo mouse model of alloxan-induced hyperglycemia.METHODS:Sterculia diversifolia(S.diversifolia)was subjected to extraction and isolation techniques and structural characterization of the isolated compounds were performed using spectroscopic methods.The acute toxicity test was performed by orally administering S.diversifolia in doses of 500-2000 mg/kg.For the assessment of anti-hyperglycemic activity,S.diversifolia bark and leaves extracts were administered orally in doses of 50,100,and 200 mg/kg,along with metformin(150 mg/kg,i.p)as positive control,after confirmation of alloxan(150 mg/kg,i.p.)induced hyperglycemia in BALB/c mice.Serum biochemical parameters were monitored for the period of study.RESULTS:The phytochemical studies showed the presence of quercetin and kaempferol in S.diversifolia.The IC50 values in the in vivo acute toxicity study revealed the safety margin of S.diversifolia bark(1166.66 mg/kg)and leaves(683.34 mg/kg)extracts.A significant attenuation of alloxan induced hyperglycemia was produced by S.diversifolia extracts at 50 mg/kg(P<0.05),100 mg/kg(P<0.05,<0.01),and 150 mg/kg(P<0.05,<0.01,<0.001)during 1-4 h,which was comparable to metformin(P<0.001).Significant(P<0.001)improvement appeared in blood hemoglobin,protein,cholesterol,triglycerides,urea,creatinine,HDL,and LDL of the stem bark and leaves extracts treated diabetic mice.CONCLUSION:These findings connote the usefulness of S.diversifolia as an anti-diabetic in traditional medicine and this might be attributed to the presence of quercetin and kaempferol,among other phytochemicals.

Assessment of phytotoxic, genotoxic and enzyme inhibition potential of Sterculia diversifolia

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves for phytotoxic,genotoxic and enzymes inhibition potential.METHODS:Phytotoxic activity of both stem bark and leaves were screened using Lemna minor.The genotoxic activity of Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves extracts were tested using comet assay protocol while enzyme inhibition activity of crude extract and various fractions of both stem bark and leaves were evaluated using acetyl cholinesterase,lipoxygenase,β-glucuronidase,urease,xanthine oxidase and carbonic anhydrase.RESULTS:Phytotoxic activity showed significant results in dose dependant manner in both stem bark(ethyl acetate and n-butanol)and leaves(ethyl acetate,nbutanol and n-hexane)fractions.In genotoxic activity,dichloromethane fraction showed significant activity followed by ethyl acetate fraction.Acetyl cholinesterease inhibitory activity showed significant results in both stem bark and leaves fractions,while significant lipoxygenase inhibition was shown by ethyl acetate,dichloromethane,crude extract and n-hexane fractions of both stem bark and leaves.β-glucuronidase,urease and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity showed highly significant results in ethyl acetate fraction of both stem bark and leaves,while xanthine oxidase inhibition was shown by dichloromethane fraction of stem bark and leaves extracts.CONCLUSIONS:This study emphasizes the important phytotoxic,genotoxic and enzyme inhibition effects of Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves.Hence,it is clear that Sterculia diversifolia stem bark and leaves possess phytotoxic,genotoxic and enzyme inhibitory agents.