Design Engineering,Synthesis Protocols,and Energy Applications of MOF-Derived Electrocatalysts

The core reactions for fuel cells,rechargeable metal-air batteries,and hydrogen fuel production are the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),oxygen evolution reaction(OER),and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),which are heavily dependent on the efficiency of electrocatalysts.Enormous attempts have previously been devoted in non-noble electrocatalysts born out of metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)for ORR,OER,and HER applications,due to the following advantageous reasons:(i)The significant porosity eases the electrolyte diffusion;(ii)the supreme catalyst-electrolyte contact area enhances the diffusion efficiency;and(iii)the electronic conductivity can be extensively increased owing to the unique construction block subunits for MOFs-derived electrocatalysis.Herein,the recent progress of MOFs-derived electrocatalysts including synthesis protocols,design engineering,DFT calculations roles,and energy applications is discussed and reviewed.It can be concluded that the elevated ORR,OER,and HER performances are attributed to an advantageously well-designed high-porosity structure,significant surface area,and plentiful active centers.Furthermore,the perspectives of MOF-derived electrocatalysts for the ORR,OER,and HER are presented.