Background:Gonorrhea and chlamydia testing rates are poor among Chinese men who have sex with men(MSM).A quasi-experimental study suggested that a pay-it-forward strategy increased dual gonorrhea/chlamydia testing amo...Background:Gonorrhea and chlamydia testing rates are poor among Chinese men who have sex with men(MSM).A quasi-experimental study suggested that a pay-it-forward strategy increased dual gonorrhea/chlamydia testing among MSM.Pay-it-forward offers an individual a gift(e.g.,a free test)and then asks the same person if they would like to give a gift to another person.This article reports the protocol of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate dual gonorrhea/chlamydia test uptake and other outcomes among MSM in three arms-a pay-it-forward arm,a pay-what-you-want arm,and a standard of care arm.Methods:Three hundred MSM will be recruited at three HIV testing sites in Guangzhou and Beijing.Testing sites include two hospital-based MSM sexually transmitted diseases clinics and one MSM community-based organization.Eligible participants will be born biologically male,aged 16 years or older,reporting previous anal sex with another man,having never participated in the pay-it-forward program,without previous gonorrhea and chlamydia testing in the past 12 months,and residing in China.Following a cluster randomized design,every cluster of ten participants will be randomly allocated into one of three arms:(1)a pay-it-forward arm in which men are offered free gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and then asked whether they would like to donate("pay it forward")toward testing for future testers;(2)a pay-what-you-want arm in which men are offered free testing and told to decide how much to pay after receiving the test;(3)a standard of care arm in which men can pay the full price for dual gonorrhoea and chlamydia testing.The primary outcome is dual gonorrhoea/chlamydia testing as verified by administrative records.Secondary outcomes include incremental cost per test,incremental cost per diagnosis,community connectedness,and social cohesion.Primary outcome will be calculated for each arm using intention-to-treat and compared using one-sided 95%confidence intervals with a margin of 20%increase defined as superiority.Discussion:This study will examine the pay-it-forward strategy in comparison to the standard of care in improving test uptake for gonorrhea and chlamydia.We will leverage the cluster randomized controlled trial to provide scientific evidence on the potential effect of pay-it-forward.Findings from this study will shed light on novel intervention methods for increasing preventive health service utilization and innovate ways to finance it among communities.Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT03741725.Registered on 12 November 2018.展开更多
In terms of global cancer-related deaths,hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has the fourth highest mortality rate.Up until 2017,treatment of advanced HCC was largely limited to sorafenib,an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor,...In terms of global cancer-related deaths,hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has the fourth highest mortality rate.Up until 2017,treatment of advanced HCC was largely limited to sorafenib,an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor,with little to no success in the development of alternative treatment options.However,in the past two years,there has been an unprecedented increase in both the number and type of treatment options available for HCC.As of 2019,the US FDA has approved four oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors,two immune checkpoint inhibitors,and one anti-angiogenesis antibody for the treatment of HCC.Even with this new variety,systemic treatment of advanced HCC remains largely unsatisfactory,and the median survival rate stands at approximately one year.The expected breakthrough of using immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced HCC did not materialize in 2019.The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in conjunction with oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors or antiangiogenesis medications is the current clinical research trend,the results of which are eagerly anticipated.Despite limited progress in survival,HCC research is currently experiencing a period of growth and innovation,and there is hope for significant advances in the treatment of advanced HCC as the field continues to develop.展开更多
Background:Crowdsourcing is used increasingly in health and medical research.Crowdsourcing is the process of aggregating crowd wisdom to solve a problem.The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize quantitati...Background:Crowdsourcing is used increasingly in health and medical research.Crowdsourcing is the process of aggregating crowd wisdom to solve a problem.The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize quantitative evidence on crowdsourcing to improve health.Methods:We followed Cochrane systematic review guidance and systematically searched seven databases up to September 4th 2019.Studies were included if they reported on crowdsourcing and related to health or medicine.Studies were excluded if recruitment was the only use of crowdsourcing.We determined the level of evidence associated with review findings using the GRADE approach.Results:We screened 3508 citations,accessed 362 articles,and included 188 studies.Ninety-six studies examined effectiveness,127 examined feasibility,and 37 examined cost.The most common purposes were to evaluate surgical skills(17 studies),to create sexual health messages(seven studies),and to provide layperson cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)out-of-hospital(six studies).Seventeen observational studies used crowdsourcing to evaluate surgical skills,finding that crowdsourcing evaluation was as effective as expert evaluation(low quality).Four studies used a challenge contest to solicit human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)testing promotion materials and increase HIV testing rates(moderate quality),and two of the four studies found this approach saved money.Three studies suggested that an interactive technology system increased rates of layperson initiated CPR out-ofhospital(moderate quality).However,studies analyzing crowdsourcing to evaluate surgical skills and laypersoninitiated CPR were only from high-income countries.Five studies examined crowdsourcing to inform artificial intelligence projects,most often related to annotation of medical data.Crowdsourcing was evaluated using different outcomes,limiting the extent to which studies could be pooled.Conclusions:Crowdsourcing has been used to improve health in many settings.Although crowdsourcing is effective at improving behavioral outcomes,more research is needed to understand effects on clinical outcomes and costs.More research is needed on crowdsourcing as a tool to develop artificial intelligence systems in medicine.展开更多
Comparing the current global recessionwith the past three global recessions (onein early 1980’s, one in the early 1990’sand the other in early 2000), the currentdownturn may be the deepest trough in25 years. The rec...Comparing the current global recessionwith the past three global recessions (onein early 1980’s, one in the early 1990’sand the other in early 2000), the currentdownturn may be the deepest trough in25 years. The recovery will likely beslower. Since the beginning of the recessionthrough 2012, significant steam crackingcapacity additions are anticipated aspetrochemical companies expand to havea global reach and impact.The current tempered reduction in demandhas been coupled with an inventoryde-stocking throughout the value chain.Some companies have adjusted inventoriesto meet lower demand or展开更多
Yancheng Lvve Chemical Co.,Ltd was established in 1997 and is located in LonggangChemical Park of Yancheng,Jiangsu province,the northeast of Yangtze Delta,It is engagedin the production and sales of fine chemicals,com...Yancheng Lvve Chemical Co.,Ltd was established in 1997 and is located in LonggangChemical Park of Yancheng,Jiangsu province,the northeast of Yangtze Delta,It is engagedin the production and sales of fine chemicals,commodity chemicals and agriculturalchemicals.Its products mainly include climbazote,propyzamide and thiazide,whichare in great demand in Europe and the Southeast Asia.展开更多
Carbon 5 (C5) resources are the byproducts of ethylene cracking processingwith as many as over 20 components. Along with the rapid capacityincrease of ethylene in China,the utilization of C5 resources is put on theage...Carbon 5 (C5) resources are the byproducts of ethylene cracking processingwith as many as over 20 components. Along with the rapid capacityincrease of ethylene in China,the utilization of C5 resources is put on theagenda for the major Chinese petrochemical firms. Because the Chineseethylene producers mainly use liquid naphtha and other heavier oil productsas raw materials,which generates larger proportion of C5 by-productsthan ethylene makers in the Middle East that use light hydrocarbons suchas ethane and liquefied petroleum gas."At present,petroleum resins produced in China are mainly C9 petroleumresins,occupies over 70% of the total domestic petroleum展开更多
Since late 2009, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) has issued anotice and solicited comments twice for increasing the regulatory threshold of entering intothe polysilicon industry. MIIT also c...Since late 2009, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) has issued anotice and solicited comments twice for increasing the regulatory threshold of entering intothe polysilicon industry. MIIT also convened a meeting to discuss specific issues with thedomestic major polysilicon manufacturers. The frequent actions of the Chinese governmentstated an unavoidable nationwide campaign against the overcapacity of polysilicon.Although the government has not yet set down the standards and indicators for展开更多
Gulf Resources is a leading provider ofbromine, crude salt and a portfolio of variousspecialty chemicals throughout China andbecame a U.S. publicly traded company inDecember 2006. Its products are necessarycomponents ...Gulf Resources is a leading provider ofbromine, crude salt and a portfolio of variousspecialty chemicals throughout China andbecame a U.S. publicly traded company inDecember 2006. Its products are necessarycomponents for China’s flourishing oil andpapermaking industries. The company has abromine production capacity to an estimated34 700 t/a.展开更多
China is making an effort to reduce the impactof the global financial crisis through environmentalinfrastructure upgrades.The biggestinvestment program in China,with a projectedbudget of RMB4.0 trillion,has beeninaugu...China is making an effort to reduce the impactof the global financial crisis through environmentalinfrastructure upgrades.The biggestinvestment program in China,with a projectedbudget of RMB4.0 trillion,has beeninaugurated,and of this,RMB210 billion,5.25% of the total,for environmental projectssuch as wastewater treatment and展开更多
The impact of the current financial crisis affecting the developed world continues,resulting in undeniably slower economic growth.As a result,many chemical com-panies have to cut production
China’s current polysilicon marketChina’s polysilicon production capacityreached 80 000 t/a in 2009, while the outputwas only 17 000 tons, which means the overallutilization rate of polysilicon capacity wasas low as...China’s current polysilicon marketChina’s polysilicon production capacityreached 80 000 t/a in 2009, while the outputwas only 17 000 tons, which means the overallutilization rate of polysilicon capacity wasas low as about 20%. But such a low operatingrate essentially arose from neither theslack demand nor the oversupply. In fact, thedemand for polysilicon is booming in China.To satisfy its domestic need, China importedabout 20 000 tons of polysilicon in 2009,more than those it produced, and the figure isexpected to be 25 000 - 30 000 tons in 2010.This phenomenon has little connection toproduct quality. The manufacture展开更多
"70% products for raw material do not consume the energy ,anf AkzoNobel is focusing its attention on the environment to put forward a new concept to repay the society in a new way",said Fang Yanqing,the Chin..."70% products for raw material do not consume the energy ,anf AkzoNobel is focusing its attention on the environment to put forward a new concept to repay the society in a new way",said Fang Yanqing,the China Department sales manager of展开更多
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFE0103800)the National Institutes of Health NIAID NIAID K24AI143471,1UG3HD096929-01,NIA P30(P30AG034420)+3 种基金UNC-South China STD Research Training Center(FIC 1D43TW009532-01)UNC Center for AIDS Research(NIAID 5P30AI050410)Doris Duke Charitable Foundation(International Clinical Research Fellowship to TZ)SESH(Social Entrepreneurship to Spur Health)Global.
文摘Background:Gonorrhea and chlamydia testing rates are poor among Chinese men who have sex with men(MSM).A quasi-experimental study suggested that a pay-it-forward strategy increased dual gonorrhea/chlamydia testing among MSM.Pay-it-forward offers an individual a gift(e.g.,a free test)and then asks the same person if they would like to give a gift to another person.This article reports the protocol of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate dual gonorrhea/chlamydia test uptake and other outcomes among MSM in three arms-a pay-it-forward arm,a pay-what-you-want arm,and a standard of care arm.Methods:Three hundred MSM will be recruited at three HIV testing sites in Guangzhou and Beijing.Testing sites include two hospital-based MSM sexually transmitted diseases clinics and one MSM community-based organization.Eligible participants will be born biologically male,aged 16 years or older,reporting previous anal sex with another man,having never participated in the pay-it-forward program,without previous gonorrhea and chlamydia testing in the past 12 months,and residing in China.Following a cluster randomized design,every cluster of ten participants will be randomly allocated into one of three arms:(1)a pay-it-forward arm in which men are offered free gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and then asked whether they would like to donate("pay it forward")toward testing for future testers;(2)a pay-what-you-want arm in which men are offered free testing and told to decide how much to pay after receiving the test;(3)a standard of care arm in which men can pay the full price for dual gonorrhoea and chlamydia testing.The primary outcome is dual gonorrhoea/chlamydia testing as verified by administrative records.Secondary outcomes include incremental cost per test,incremental cost per diagnosis,community connectedness,and social cohesion.Primary outcome will be calculated for each arm using intention-to-treat and compared using one-sided 95%confidence intervals with a margin of 20%increase defined as superiority.Discussion:This study will examine the pay-it-forward strategy in comparison to the standard of care in improving test uptake for gonorrhea and chlamydia.We will leverage the cluster randomized controlled trial to provide scientific evidence on the potential effect of pay-it-forward.Findings from this study will shed light on novel intervention methods for increasing preventive health service utilization and innovate ways to finance it among communities.Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT03741725.Registered on 12 November 2018.
文摘In terms of global cancer-related deaths,hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has the fourth highest mortality rate.Up until 2017,treatment of advanced HCC was largely limited to sorafenib,an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor,with little to no success in the development of alternative treatment options.However,in the past two years,there has been an unprecedented increase in both the number and type of treatment options available for HCC.As of 2019,the US FDA has approved four oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors,two immune checkpoint inhibitors,and one anti-angiogenesis antibody for the treatment of HCC.Even with this new variety,systemic treatment of advanced HCC remains largely unsatisfactory,and the median survival rate stands at approximately one year.The expected breakthrough of using immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced HCC did not materialize in 2019.The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in conjunction with oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors or antiangiogenesis medications is the current clinical research trend,the results of which are eagerly anticipated.Despite limited progress in survival,HCC research is currently experiencing a period of growth and innovation,and there is hope for significant advances in the treatment of advanced HCC as the field continues to develop.
基金This study was commissioned by the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases.This project was also supported by NICHD UG3HD096929 and NIAID K24AI143471.
文摘Background:Crowdsourcing is used increasingly in health and medical research.Crowdsourcing is the process of aggregating crowd wisdom to solve a problem.The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize quantitative evidence on crowdsourcing to improve health.Methods:We followed Cochrane systematic review guidance and systematically searched seven databases up to September 4th 2019.Studies were included if they reported on crowdsourcing and related to health or medicine.Studies were excluded if recruitment was the only use of crowdsourcing.We determined the level of evidence associated with review findings using the GRADE approach.Results:We screened 3508 citations,accessed 362 articles,and included 188 studies.Ninety-six studies examined effectiveness,127 examined feasibility,and 37 examined cost.The most common purposes were to evaluate surgical skills(17 studies),to create sexual health messages(seven studies),and to provide layperson cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR)out-of-hospital(six studies).Seventeen observational studies used crowdsourcing to evaluate surgical skills,finding that crowdsourcing evaluation was as effective as expert evaluation(low quality).Four studies used a challenge contest to solicit human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)testing promotion materials and increase HIV testing rates(moderate quality),and two of the four studies found this approach saved money.Three studies suggested that an interactive technology system increased rates of layperson initiated CPR out-ofhospital(moderate quality).However,studies analyzing crowdsourcing to evaluate surgical skills and laypersoninitiated CPR were only from high-income countries.Five studies examined crowdsourcing to inform artificial intelligence projects,most often related to annotation of medical data.Crowdsourcing was evaluated using different outcomes,limiting the extent to which studies could be pooled.Conclusions:Crowdsourcing has been used to improve health in many settings.Although crowdsourcing is effective at improving behavioral outcomes,more research is needed to understand effects on clinical outcomes and costs.More research is needed on crowdsourcing as a tool to develop artificial intelligence systems in medicine.
文摘Comparing the current global recessionwith the past three global recessions (onein early 1980’s, one in the early 1990’sand the other in early 2000), the currentdownturn may be the deepest trough in25 years. The recovery will likely beslower. Since the beginning of the recessionthrough 2012, significant steam crackingcapacity additions are anticipated aspetrochemical companies expand to havea global reach and impact.The current tempered reduction in demandhas been coupled with an inventoryde-stocking throughout the value chain.Some companies have adjusted inventoriesto meet lower demand or
文摘Yancheng Lvve Chemical Co.,Ltd was established in 1997 and is located in LonggangChemical Park of Yancheng,Jiangsu province,the northeast of Yangtze Delta,It is engagedin the production and sales of fine chemicals,commodity chemicals and agriculturalchemicals.Its products mainly include climbazote,propyzamide and thiazide,whichare in great demand in Europe and the Southeast Asia.
文摘Carbon 5 (C5) resources are the byproducts of ethylene cracking processingwith as many as over 20 components. Along with the rapid capacityincrease of ethylene in China,the utilization of C5 resources is put on theagenda for the major Chinese petrochemical firms. Because the Chineseethylene producers mainly use liquid naphtha and other heavier oil productsas raw materials,which generates larger proportion of C5 by-productsthan ethylene makers in the Middle East that use light hydrocarbons suchas ethane and liquefied petroleum gas."At present,petroleum resins produced in China are mainly C9 petroleumresins,occupies over 70% of the total domestic petroleum
文摘Since late 2009, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) has issued anotice and solicited comments twice for increasing the regulatory threshold of entering intothe polysilicon industry. MIIT also convened a meeting to discuss specific issues with thedomestic major polysilicon manufacturers. The frequent actions of the Chinese governmentstated an unavoidable nationwide campaign against the overcapacity of polysilicon.Although the government has not yet set down the standards and indicators for
文摘Gulf Resources is a leading provider ofbromine, crude salt and a portfolio of variousspecialty chemicals throughout China andbecame a U.S. publicly traded company inDecember 2006. Its products are necessarycomponents for China’s flourishing oil andpapermaking industries. The company has abromine production capacity to an estimated34 700 t/a.
文摘China is making an effort to reduce the impactof the global financial crisis through environmentalinfrastructure upgrades.The biggestinvestment program in China,with a projectedbudget of RMB4.0 trillion,has beeninaugurated,and of this,RMB210 billion,5.25% of the total,for environmental projectssuch as wastewater treatment and
文摘The impact of the current financial crisis affecting the developed world continues,resulting in undeniably slower economic growth.As a result,many chemical com-panies have to cut production
文摘China’s current polysilicon marketChina’s polysilicon production capacityreached 80 000 t/a in 2009, while the outputwas only 17 000 tons, which means the overallutilization rate of polysilicon capacity wasas low as about 20%. But such a low operatingrate essentially arose from neither theslack demand nor the oversupply. In fact, thedemand for polysilicon is booming in China.To satisfy its domestic need, China importedabout 20 000 tons of polysilicon in 2009,more than those it produced, and the figure isexpected to be 25 000 - 30 000 tons in 2010.This phenomenon has little connection toproduct quality. The manufacture
文摘"70% products for raw material do not consume the energy ,anf AkzoNobel is focusing its attention on the environment to put forward a new concept to repay the society in a new way",said Fang Yanqing,the China Department sales manager of
