Carbon mitigation using CarbFix,CO_(2)plume and carbon trading technologies

Following China and the United States,India is the third highest CO_(2)emitter in the world.With its fast rising population and an industry primarily reliant on coal and oil,the country's emissions will continue to rise unless appropriate measures are taken.In India generally the carbon sequestration is done by storing CO_(2)in sedimentary basins where it gets capped by the impermeable cap rocks.The study aims to unfold the other techniques of carbon sequestration in subsurface formations,except for narrating the different types of carbon capture and sequestration techniques along with its storage in different types of environments.For instance,abiotic and biotic environments for CO_(2)sequestration.It further talks about carbon injections of oceanic,geological,and terrestrial types,to name just a few.Types of carbon emission sources are discussed too.In this paper three different approaches are described for carbon mitigation,namely CarbFix,CO_(2)Plume technology and Carbon Trading.A prefeasibility study was done in order to implement the three techniques in Dholera geothermal region in Gujarat,India.In literature review,it can be seen how the three techniques can help in permanent mitigation of captured carbon through carbonate mineralization,power generation and industrial applications.For any project government and public participation is important.In this regard the study gives a brief understanding about the steps to be taken by government and the public to promote such projects for carbon mitigation.Besides,the steps to be taken in such projects for health and risk assessment were talked about in literature review too.

Geochemical analysis and quality assessment of geothermal water in Gujarat,India

Geothermal water can have a wide range of direct applications,including drinking,domestic use,irrigation and industrial use.This study analyses geothermal water from Dholera,Diu,Gandhar,Kutch,Porbandar,Tulsishyam,and Unai regions located in Gujarat,India,to determine the hydrochemistry for establishing the water's suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes.From each region,three different water samples were collected.For drinking purpose,total eleven water quality parameters such as pH,electrical conductivity,total dissolved solids,calcium,magnesium,sodium,potassium,chloride,sulphate,carbonate and bicarbonate were evaluated.Piper and Durov plots were used to understand the ionic composition and evolution of water.Whereas for irrigation,the parameters such as total dissolved solids,sodium absorption ration,electrical conductivity,and potential salinity were used for water quality check.Wilcox Plot was plotted to understand the sodium and salinity hazard of water.Water quality index and irrigation water quality index were used to assess the water quality for making the analytical procedure easy.The findings indicate that the water samples from the Dholera and Diu areas had extremely high values for both the water quality index and total dissolved solids content.Water in these places may be appropriate for making salt.All the other samples show adequacy for utilization in irrigation purpose.

Comprehensive geochemical/hydrochemical and geo-thermometry analysis of Unai geothermal field, Gujarat, India

The knowledge of water temperature produced from a geothermal reservoir and its composition is of utmost importance in designing utilization strategies, the surface production facilities and in selecting the material to be used. Unai hot springs are located in the southern part of Gujarat, India with discharge temperatures varying from 51 to 56 ℃. With the aim of developing Unai as a potential geothermal field and exploiting it in the future, geochemical and geothermometrical study was undertaken. The samples were collected from various Unai geothermal location and analysis of chemical composition of water obtained from different wells was done. The concentration of Silica, carbonate and ions like Na and Cl have been analyzed to delineate the path of water movement in the subsurface and classify the reservoir based on the enthalpy.The ratio of the concentration of ions like Na^+ and K^+ and the relative proportions of various sets of ions were also used to characterize the geothermal reservoir and the reservoir fluid by the use of ternary diagrams. Na–K–Ca,Chalcedony, quartz, and Silica geo-thermometers have been studied. The present study also envisages the importance of graphical representations like Piper diagram,Scholler etc. to determine variation in hydrochemical facies and to understand the evolution of hydrochemical processes in the Unai geothermal field respectively. The study yields the conclusion that the reservoir under consideration is a low enthalpy reservoir with temperature ranging from 60 to 80 ℃.

Estimation of the Effect of Anisotropy on Young’s Moduli and Poisson’s Ratios of Sedimentary Rocks Using Core Samples in Western and Central Part of Tripura, India

The velocity anisotropy parameters and elastic constants play a very important role to estimate Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratios accurately. For geomechanics applications such as hydraulic fracturing design, analysis of wellbore stability and rock failure, determination of in situ stress and assessment of the response of reservoirs and surrounding rocks to changes in pore pressure and stress, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratios play a very important role. Four rock samples were collected from four different wells situated in study area. The ultrasonic transmission method has been used to measure P-wave, Sh-wave and Sv-wave travel times as a function of orientation and confining pressure. The five independent stiffnesses constants, Young’s moduli, Poisson’s ratios and Bulk moduli of the samples were estimated. The Poisson’s ratios ( and ) are varying as the confining pressure is changed. The axial strain is larger than the lateral strain, resulting . For shales, the Young’s modulus measured parallel to bedding E1 is usually greater than the Young’s modulus measured perpendicular to bedding E3. Through this study it has been observed that, there is a strong effect of anisotropy parameters on Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio.

Evolutionary Programming for Systematic Evaluation of Aquifers: A Case Study from Dholera, Cambay Basin, Gujarat, India

Joint inversion of different potentials improves subsurface model resolution. In this paper seismic refraction and magnetotelluric data are used to understand near subsurface features of Dholera, Gujarat, India. An extensive seismic and magnetotelluric survey was carried out in Dholera in order to delineate subsurface presence of aquifers. Ray Inversion for Near Surface Estimation (RINSE) is used for inversion of Dholera seismic data. The inversion output of seismic data is used as seed points for resistivity inversion of anomalies. Inversion of resistivity data is done using evolutionary programing method which is also a type of genetic algorithm. Here the optimization is done using four major steps, of evolutionary programing namely population generation, fitness function, crossover and mutation. This paper also compares the similarities between the natural and geophysical optimization. A Low Velocity Layer is identified up to a depth of 11 m from seismic refraction method. Three layers are identified after the interpretation of seismic and resistivity data. The average thicknesses of Layers one and two are calculated as 3.558 and 6.533 respectively.

Analysis of wellbore stability by pore pressure prediction using seismic velocity

Borehole problems result in the wastage of huge expenditures in petroleum industry.One of the major challenges is to keep the borehole intact at a particular location and prevent it from falling in reactive shale in high-or low-pressure zones.To convert seismic velocity to pore pressure,the modified Eaton's equation is widely used.A guideline was prepared using both stochastic and non-uniform parameter distributions.Pore pressure and fracture pressure were calculated using a modified version of Eaton's and Mathew and Kelly's methods.To validate the results,geomechanical models were developed based on good correlation.Different regions in the eastern state of India at Tripura were taken into consideration and pore pressure was estimated for the regions of Kathalchari and Ambassa by plotting pressures.The actual pore pressure predicted in Tripura was calculated using seis P and seis P3,the indigenous software which is a modified version of Eaton's method and Mathew and Kelly's method,and the pore pressure from our method matches the calculated Repeat Formation Test(RFT)data from wells.

Feedforward Neural Network for joint inversion of geophysical data to identify geothermal sweet spots in Gandhar,Gujarat,India

Artificial Neural Networks(ANNs)are used in numerous engineering and scientific disciplines as an automated approach to resolve a number of problems.However,to build an artificial neural network that is prudent enough to rely on,vast quantities of relevant data have to be fed.In this study,we analysed the scope of artificial neural networks in geothermal reservoir architecture.In particular,we attempted to solve joint inversion problem through Feedforward Neural Network(FNN)technique.In order to identify geothermal sweet spots in the subsurface,an extensive geophysical studies were conducted in Gandhar area of Gujarat,India.The data were acquired along six profile lines for gravity,magnetics and magnetotellurics.Initially low velocity zone was identified using refraction seismic technique in order to set a common datum level for other potential data.The depth of low velocity zone in Gandhar was identified at 11 m.The FNN backpropagation method was applied to gain the global minima of the data space and model space as desired.The input dataset fed to the inversion algorithm in the form of gravity,magnetic susceptibility and resistivity helped to predict the suitable model after network training in multiple steps.The joint inversion of data is conducive to understanding the subsurface geological and lithological features along with probable geothermal sweet spots.The results of this study show the geothermal sweet spots at depth ranging from 200 m to 300 m.The results from our study can be used for targeted zones for geothermal water exploitation.

Diverting agents in the oil and gas industry:A comprehensive analysis of their origins,types,and applications

During the life of a well,treatments are carried out to boost productivity by stimulating initially unproduced zones.These treatments include hydraulic fracturing,matrix acidization,and acid fracturing,among others.Hydraulic fracturing treatment is generally applied to deeper reservoirs of oil or natural gas for enhanced recovery.By infusing proppant,water,and chemicals under extreme pressure during the fracturing procedure,fissures in and beneath the reservoir layer can be accessed and expanded.Another stimulating procedure,matrix acidization,involves injecting acid down the drilling hole to permeate the rock fissures at stresses lower than the fracture stress.In addition,carbonate reservoir acid fracturing stimulation is commonly used as an acid treatment technique whereby a pressure greater than the formation disintegration pressure or spontaneous fracture closure pressure is used to compress acid into the reservoir.These treatments allow existing wells to sustain hydrocarbon production without new wells being drilled.Diverters,when employed efficiently,can prevent the need to use a rig to provide momentary physical barriers,thus lowering the cost of the workover.Recent improvements in diversion technology make use of a variety of degradable particles that act as momentary bridges,either at the perforation entries or inside the existing fractures.The aim of this study is to introduce different types of mechanical and chemical diverters used to enhance the productivity of wells.This study explains the concepts of different types of diverters and their applications in several formations,it will also help readers to understand the selection procedures based on the suitability and requirements of diverter use by case studies from around the world.

Digital twin in hydrocarbon industry

The hydrocarbon industry is considering a range of digital technologies to improve productivity,efficiency,and safety of their operations while minimizing capital and operating costs,health and environmental risks,and variability in oil and gas project life cycles.Due to the emergence of industry 4.0 the improvement in performance,efficiency,and cost reduction,the hydrocarbon industry is gradually shifting towards solutions that are data-oriented.Understanding such complex systems involves the analysis of data from various sources at the same time.Digital Twin(DT)modelling is the foundation for the next generation of real-time production monitoring and optimization systems.It is a solution that boosts productivity by combining information,simulation,and visualization throughout the entire value chain of an operational firm,from subsurface equipment to central production plants.Oil and gas companies can majorly benefit from Hydrocarbon Exploration with the right use of such advanced technologies.This study focuses on the advancements in technology in the context of DT and how it has been used by the hydrocarbon industry.The study discusses about the emergence of the DT concept,various types,5D representation,and tools for DT.Further,the study tries to implement fields of DT in hydrocarbon industry especially in the domains of exploration,drilling,and production.Challenges associated with DT strategy like accessibility,confidentiality integration,and maintenance are also discussed.

Accelerating the renewable energy sector through Industry 4.0:Optimization opportunities in the digital revolution

The fourth industrial revolution introduced the concept of Industry 4.0,which refers to the digitalization of the modern world and the inclusion of digital industry in major industrial sectors.Within this context,we investigated how Industry 4.0 technologies could transform conventional factories into smart factories and contribute to the development of a circular economy with significant economic,environmental,and social advantages.The primary goal of this study was to assess the potential of Industry 4.0 technologies in optimizing energy production from renewable resources.Specifically,we examined how various Industry 4.0 technologies,including Blockchain,the Internet of Things(loT),and Cloud Computing,contributed to energy generation,transmission,and trade.In addition,we investigated solutions to issues such as intermittent power supply,low efficiency,grid bottleneck,wastage of excess power,and unpredictable energy markets.Furthermore,we discussed two case studies based on circular economies,sustainable development goals,and Industry 4.o-based data analysis platforms.The study concludes by discussing the challenges faced by industries in adapting to the digital revolution and the potential uses of modern-day digital technologies to advance the energy sector and society as a whole.

Application of machine learning and artificial intelligence in oil and gas industry

Oil and gas industries are facing several challenges and issues in data processing and handling.Large amount of data bank is generated with various techniques and processes.The proper technical analysis of this database is to be carried out to improve performance of oil and gas industries.This paper provides a comprehensive state-of-art review in the field of machine learning and artificial intelligence to solve oil and gas industry problems.It also narrates the various types of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques which can be used for data processing and interpretation in different sectors of upstream oil and gas industries.The achievements and developments promise the benefits of machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques towards large data storage capabilities and high efficiency of numerical calculations.In this paper a summary of various researchers work on machine learning and artificial intelligence applications and limitations is showcased for upstream and sectors of oil and gas industry.The existence of this extensive intelligent system could really eliminate the risk factor and cost of maintenance.The development and progress using this emerging technologies have become smart and makes the judgement procedure easy and straightforward.The study is useful to access intelligence of different machine learning methods to declare its application for distinct task in oil and gas sector.

A comprehensive review of the application of nano-silica in oil well cementing

Oil and Gas Industry is a Multi-Billion Dollar Industry.Drilling a well is costly,right from exploration to drilling and production to Enhanced Oil Recovery(EOR).Nanotechnology has the potential to introduce revolutionary changes in several areas of the oil and gas industry,such as exploration,drilling,cementation,production,EOR,etc.Use of Nanotechnology in the cement slurry can also achieve solutions to some of the problems pertaining to oil well cementation.Nano-silica is a better alternative compared to conventional additives like calcium chloride and silica,because as compared to calcium chloride and silica,the amount of nano-silica to be added is very small.Nano-silica acts as a multi-functional additive.Upon addition of nano-silica to cement slurry,there is a decrease in the thickening time,an increase in the compressive strength,decrease in porosity and permeability within the cement and also a decrease in the fluid loss.Incorporation of nano-silica ensures proper cementation and greater integrity of the well.Nano-silica helps in decreasing the wait on cement(WOC)time and therefore reduces the overall capital cost.Nano-silica is highly recommended for deep offshore wells where high temperature and high pressure are often encountered.This paper discusses the behavior of Nano-silica at high temperatures and also reviews effects of Nano-silica on various properties of cement.

A review on casing while drilling technology for oil and gas production with well control model and economical analysis

The extraction of petroleum fluids from sub-surface accumulations mandates the drilling of a well into the formation containing the accumulation.The drilling techniques have evolved over time to overcome several challenges while some of the issues still prevail with the currently used drilling practices like loss circulation,large tripping time to change bottom hole assembly,stuck pipe problems and low well bore stability,to name a few.These decrease the drilling efficiency and increase the Non-Productive Time(NPT)of this highly capitalintensive industry encouraging the Petroleum Industry to look for new technology.Casing while Drilling(CwD)is a technique of drilling which has been proven to alleviate many of the problems faced while drilling.In this method,drilling and casing of a well bore is carried out simultaneously,which improves the drilling efficiency by reducing the NPT.It has proven to be beneficial in controlling loss circulation and improving wellbore stability by‘Plastering’effect,high quality cement job and increased rig floor safety.It uses smaller rig and less fuel thereby reducing carbon footprint in the environment.This paper studies comprehensive well control and casing string design consideration.Economics encourages its application that has been discussed in the paper.A case study on the application of CwD in Malay basin for top hole drilling is presented.Finally,the paper briefly outlines the technical challenges that need attention to get better results from CwD.

Plasma Pulse Technology: An uprising EOR technique

Conventionally oil recovery factor is too low,which leaves great prospects for the application of enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods to increase recovery factor.EOR methods are capital intensive and few are environmentally hazardous.So the paper discusses on the alternate enhanced oil recovery technique which has tremendous potential to curb the challenges of conventional EOR methods.Plasma pulse technology(PPT)aided EOR treatment is administered with an electric wireline conveyed plasma pulse generator tool that is run in the well and positioned alongside the perforations.Using energy stored in the generator's capacitors,a plasma arc is created that emits a tremendous amount of heat and pressure for a fraction of a second.This in turn creates a broad band of hydraulic impulse acoustic waves that are powerful enough to clean perforations and near wellbore damage.These waves continue to resonate deep into the reservoir,exciting the fluid molecules and increasing the reservoirs natural resonance to the degree that it can break larger hydrocarbon molecules to smaller one and simultaneously reducing adhesion tension which results in increased mobility of hydrocarbons.The plasma pulse technology has been successfully used on production as well as injection wells.It has been used often as a remedial procedure to increase well's productivity that has been on production for a period of time.This paper throws light on fundamentals of this advancing plasma pulse technology,contrasting it with recent EOR techniques.Effectiveness of treatment in increasing oil recovery,it's applicability to different reservoir types and results achieved so far are also covered in the paper.

Modeling parameters influencing city gas distribution sector based on factor analysis method

City gas distribution(CGD)sector is influenced by several factors like policy,infrastructure,health,safety etc.In order to understand this sector,an exploratory factor analysis is conducted.The Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA)survey meticulously simplifies interconnected steps and examines the possible causal factor structure of a series of measured variables without hitting a predetermined result model.In this paper,the factor analysis is performed in three broad categories namely:managerial level,technical level and site workers to understand the most influencing factor of the sector.60 questionnaires were prepared to get feedback on parameters affecting CGD sector.The survey is performed by various means,like google form,email,phone calls,appointments with employees and personal meetings.It has been observed from the survey that the nine factors influences this sector and requires certain modifications for the development.Out of these nine factors,five were selected for the analysis which are infrastructure factor,policy factor,gas consumption factor,total energy demand factor and economy factor.The factor analysis has been performed in five major steps,namely factor analysis applicability,selection of factors,loading of factors,significance test of factors and factor loading matrix analysis.The results obtained from these exploratory factor analysis shows that variables like infrastructure,total energy demand and economy affects the CGD market most than the policy and gas consumption.

Fundamentals and developments of compressed biogas in city gas distribution network in India:A review

Biogas is a significant renewable source as well as an alternative energy carrier provided by Anaerobic Digestion(AD)of biodegradable food wastes and other organic materials.This paper describes some major facts about biogas along with the barriers and adaptation of CBG in society,it also narrates the types of feedstocks available for biogas generation and what are the major sources in India.In this study,different stages of anaerobic digestion are discussed such as hydrolysis,acidogenesis,acetogenesis and methanogenesis for biogas production.After its purification,the biogas can be used as a fuel for domestic as well as transportation purposes.A glimpse of biogas like purification techniques like biological desulphurization,iron chloride dosing,pressure swing adsorption,chemical scrubbing and water scrubbing is given,the major additions of national policy of biofuels in 2018 is also highlighted.It has been found that in India,majorly pressure swing adsorption and water scrubbing methods are used for biogas purification,currently,the country has 12 commercial CBG plants with a total CBG output capacity of 18,461.7 tonnes per year,which is just 0.06 percent of the total ability.The details of the plants along with their CBG production capacity are described,and sustainable alternative towards affordable transportation(SATAT)launched by MoPNG is introduced in this study,furthermore,the features and types of models suggested by Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas(MoPNG)to introduce compressed biogas(CBG)in city gas distribution(CGD)network are discussed.

Applications of nanoparticles in enhanced oil recovery

Nanoparticles serve variouspurposes in the hydrocarbon industry which are utilized to improve the volumeof oil and gas production.Nanomaterials are used in petroleum applications as nanoparticles,nanosensors,nanocomposites,coated nanoparticles,nanofluids etc.Thus,the application of nanotechnology in the enhanced oil recovery(EOR)method helps to extract the trapped oil present beneath the surface.Some nano ultra-fine particles are cost-effective and eco-friendly.The injected fluid interacts with the rock/oil systemto create a favourable environment for oil recovery.This study focuses on a review of the different types of nanoparticles and nanomaterials used in petroleum applications.This paper aims to study the classification and characterization of nanoparticles.This also includes the physiochemical and mechanical properties of nanomaterials.The study discusses the applications of nanoparticles in chemical,miscible,thermal and microbial floodings.It mainly focuses on various mechanisms involved by adding nanoparticles such as wettability alteration,IFT reduction,rheology improvement,mobility control etc.This research also addresses new green nanomaterials and nanocomposites,which includes injecting specialized green chemicals(surfactants,alcohols,and polymers)that successfully displace oil.The IFT between the displacing fluid and the oil is reduced due to phase-behaviour properties.