An application of 1D convolution and deep learning to remote sensing modelling of Secchi depth in the northern Adriatic Sea

This paper presents a novel approach for predicting the water quality indicator-Secchi disk depth(Z_(SD)).Z_(SD)indirectly reflects water clarity and serves as a proxy for other quality parameters.This study utilizes Deep Neural Network(DNN)trained on satellite remote sensing and measured data from three sources:two datasets obtained from official agencies in Croatia and Slovenia,and one citizen science data source,all covering the northern coastal region of the Adriatic Sea.The proposed model uses 1D Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)in the spectral dimension to predict Z_(SD).The model’s performance indicates a strong fit to the observed data,proving capability of 1D-CNN to capture changes in water transparency.On the test dataset,the model achieved a high R-squared value of 0.890,a low root mean squared error(RMSE)of 0.023 and mean absolute error(MAE)of 0.014.These results demonstrate that employing a 1D-CNN in the spectral dimension of Sentinel-3 OLCI data is an effective approach for predicting water quality.These findings have significant implications for monitoring Z_(SD)in coastal areas.By integrating diverse data sources and leveraging advanced machine learning algorithms,a more accurate and comprehensive assessment of water quality can be achieved.