A preliminary study was conducted to analyze the water quality of spring waters in rural watershed of Western Nepal. 155 spring water samples were collected from Jhimruk, Rangun, Bogtan-Lagam Karnali, Thuligad and Mid...A preliminary study was conducted to analyze the water quality of spring waters in rural watershed of Western Nepal. 155 spring water samples were collected from Jhimruk, Rangun, Bogtan-Lagam Karnali, Thuligad and Middle Karnali watershed. Collection and analysis occurred twice, once in pre-monsoon 2018 and post-monsoon 2018. Various physical and chemical parameters were analyzed by using standard water quality measurements and compared with the Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard and the World Health Organization Standard Guideline. The results indicate that the turbidity was high during pre-monsoon season. The highest turbidity of 63.8 NTU was observed in the Bogtan-Lagam Karnali watershed. Two spring sources—one in Bogtan-Lagam Karnali and one in Middle Karnali exceeded the health standard for nitrate-N. The phosphate levels were high during the pre-monsoon season in Jhimruk and Rangun watershed in all the studied sites. Dissolved oxygen levels were relatively high during post-monsoon season. Results of the water quality index in all the studied sites revealed that the water quality ranges from being poor to good conditions in the spring sources. The results from this study suggested that the water bodies are relatively good and can be used for domestic purposes after suitable treatment.展开更多
Objectives:Papua New Guinea(PNG)has among the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections(STIs)globally and is committed to reducing their incidence.The Syphilis Interventions Towards Elimination(SITE)model was u...Objectives:Papua New Guinea(PNG)has among the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections(STIs)globally and is committed to reducing their incidence.The Syphilis Interventions Towards Elimination(SITE)model was used to explore the expected impact and cost of alternative syphilis intervention scale-up scenarios.Methods:SITE is a dynamical model of syphilis transmission among adults 15-49 years.Individuals are divided into nine groups based on sexual behaviour and into six stages of infection.The model was calibrated to PNG using data from routine surveillance,biobehavioural surveys,research studies and program records.Inputs included syphilis prevalence,risk behaviours,intervention coverage and service delivery unit costs.Scenarios compared different interventions(clinical treatment,contact tracing,syphilis screening,and condom promotion)for incidence and cost per infection averted over 2021-2030.Results:Increasing treatment coverage of symptomatic primary/secondary-stage syphilis cases from 25-35%in 2020 to 60%from 2023 onwards reduced estimated incidence over 2021-2030 by 55%,compared to a scenario assuming constant coverage at 2019-2020 levels.The introduction of contact tracing in 2020,assuming 0.4 contacts per symptomatic person treated,reduced incidence over 2021-2030 by 10%.Increasing screening coverage by 20-30 percentage points from the 2019-2020 level reduced incidence over 2021-2030 by 3e16%depending on the target population.Scaling-up clinical,symptom-driven treatment and contact tracing had the lowest cost per infection averted,followed by condom promotion and periodic screening of female sex workers and men who have sex with men.Conclusions:PNG could considerably reduce its syphilis burden by scaling-up clinical treatment and contact tracing alongside targeted behavioural risk reduction interventions.SITE is a useful tool countries can apply to inform national STI programming and resource allocation.展开更多
文摘A preliminary study was conducted to analyze the water quality of spring waters in rural watershed of Western Nepal. 155 spring water samples were collected from Jhimruk, Rangun, Bogtan-Lagam Karnali, Thuligad and Middle Karnali watershed. Collection and analysis occurred twice, once in pre-monsoon 2018 and post-monsoon 2018. Various physical and chemical parameters were analyzed by using standard water quality measurements and compared with the Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard and the World Health Organization Standard Guideline. The results indicate that the turbidity was high during pre-monsoon season. The highest turbidity of 63.8 NTU was observed in the Bogtan-Lagam Karnali watershed. Two spring sources—one in Bogtan-Lagam Karnali and one in Middle Karnali exceeded the health standard for nitrate-N. The phosphate levels were high during the pre-monsoon season in Jhimruk and Rangun watershed in all the studied sites. Dissolved oxygen levels were relatively high during post-monsoon season. Results of the water quality index in all the studied sites revealed that the water quality ranges from being poor to good conditions in the spring sources. The results from this study suggested that the water bodies are relatively good and can be used for domestic purposes after suitable treatment.
基金Financial support for this work was provided by the World Health Organization(WHO)PNG Country Office.
文摘Objectives:Papua New Guinea(PNG)has among the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections(STIs)globally and is committed to reducing their incidence.The Syphilis Interventions Towards Elimination(SITE)model was used to explore the expected impact and cost of alternative syphilis intervention scale-up scenarios.Methods:SITE is a dynamical model of syphilis transmission among adults 15-49 years.Individuals are divided into nine groups based on sexual behaviour and into six stages of infection.The model was calibrated to PNG using data from routine surveillance,biobehavioural surveys,research studies and program records.Inputs included syphilis prevalence,risk behaviours,intervention coverage and service delivery unit costs.Scenarios compared different interventions(clinical treatment,contact tracing,syphilis screening,and condom promotion)for incidence and cost per infection averted over 2021-2030.Results:Increasing treatment coverage of symptomatic primary/secondary-stage syphilis cases from 25-35%in 2020 to 60%from 2023 onwards reduced estimated incidence over 2021-2030 by 55%,compared to a scenario assuming constant coverage at 2019-2020 levels.The introduction of contact tracing in 2020,assuming 0.4 contacts per symptomatic person treated,reduced incidence over 2021-2030 by 10%.Increasing screening coverage by 20-30 percentage points from the 2019-2020 level reduced incidence over 2021-2030 by 3e16%depending on the target population.Scaling-up clinical,symptom-driven treatment and contact tracing had the lowest cost per infection averted,followed by condom promotion and periodic screening of female sex workers and men who have sex with men.Conclusions:PNG could considerably reduce its syphilis burden by scaling-up clinical treatment and contact tracing alongside targeted behavioural risk reduction interventions.SITE is a useful tool countries can apply to inform national STI programming and resource allocation.
