Effect of transferring lignocellulose-degrading bacteria from termite to rumen fluid of sheep on in vitro gas production, fermentation parameters, microbial populations and enzyme activity

The digestive tract of termite(Microcerotermes diversus) contains a variety of lignocellulose-degrading bacteria with exocellulases enzyme activity, not found in the rumen, which could potentially improve fiber degradation in the rumen. The objectives of the current study were to determine the effect of inoculation of rumen fluid(RF) with three species of bacteria isolated from termite digestive tract, Bacillus licheniformis, Ochrobactrum intermedium, and Microbacterium paludicola, on in vitro gas production(IVGP), fermentation parameters, nutrient disappearance, microbial populations, and hydrolytic enzyme activities with fibrous wheat straw(WS) and date leaf(DL) as incubation substrate. Inoculation of RF with either of three termite bacteria increased(P<0.05) ammonia-N concentration compared with the control group(free of termite gut bacteria). Termite bacteria inoculation had no effect(P>0.05) on gas production characteristics, dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber disappearance, pH, and concentration and composition of volatile fatty acids. Population of proteolytic bacteria and protozoa, but not cellulolytic bacteria, were increased(P<0.05) when RF was inoculated with termite bacteria with both WS and DL substrates. Inoculation of RF with termite bacteria increased protease activity, while activities of carboxymethyl-cellulase, microcrystalline-cellulase, α-amylase and filter paper degrading activity remained unchanged(P>0.05). Overall, the results of this study indicated that transferring lignocellulose-degrading bacteria, isolated from digestive tract of termite, to rumen liquid increased protozoa and proteolytic bacteria population and consequently increased protease activity and ammonia-N concentration in vitro, however, no effect on fermentation and fiber degradation parameters were detected. These results suggest that the termite bacteria might be rapidly lysed by the rumen microbes before beneficial effects on the rumen fermentation process could occur.

EffectS of sequence of nylon bags rumen incubation on kinetics of degradation in some commonly used feedstuffs in dairy rations

Nowadays, most available information on the degradative behaviour of feeds in ruminants is based on in situ incubation in the rumen, and it is adopted by many feed evaluation systems currently in use for ruminants. However, the outcome of.this technique might be affected by many factors such as sequence of nylon bags incubation in the rumen. The objective of current study was to investigate effects of sequence of nylon bag incubation on degradative behavior of dry matter （DM）, crude protein （CP）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） in some feed ingredients commonly used in dairy rations, including alfalfa haylage, corn silage, corn grain and soybean meal. Four multiparous Holstein lactating cows fitted with permanent ruminal cannulas were used. The nylon bags containing feed samples either were placed in the rumen at once and removed at designated time intervals （all in-gradually out method; AG） or were placed in the rumen at designated time points and retrieved at once （gradually in-all out method; GA）. Fractional rate of degradation of potentially degradable fraction, lag time and effective rumen degradability （ED） of DM and CP were significantly higher in the AG compared to the GA method （P〈0.05）. Fractional rates of DM and CP degradation was higher in alfalfa haylage samples incubated in the rumen using the AG method compared to that using the GA method （0.138 h-1 vs. 0.073 h-1 and 0.002 h-1 vs. 0.1125 h-1, for DM and CP, respectively; P〈0.05）. Due to a higher fractional rate of degradation （Kd） of DM and CP, the ED of DM and CP at different fractional passage rates were higher in the AG than those in the GA method （P〈0.05）. Potentially degradable fraction and lag time of NDF were higher in the AG method compared to the GA method （P〈0.05）. Placing all bags in the rumen at once and removing them at designated time intervals compared with introduction of bags in reverse sequence and removing them all at once led to a lower undegradable fraction （U） of NDF in alfalfa （1.8% vs. 4.0%, respectively; P〈0.05） and corn silage （3.3% vs. 6.7%, respectively; P〈0.05） samples. Potentially degradable fraction of ADF was significantly higher in the AG method compared with the GA method （P〈0.05）. Bag incubation sequence had profound effects on kinetics of degradation of DM, CP and NDF in situ in the feed samples studied. The effects were more evident in the forages （especially alfalfa haylage） than in the concentrate ingredientsnamely corn grain and soybean meal..This experiment is the first time to investigate effects of two methods under the same experiment conditions, providing basic data for the determination of ED.

N-carbamylglutamate restores nitric oxide synthesis and attenuates high altitudeinduced pulmonary hypertension in Holstein heifers ascended to high altitude

Background: High-altitude pulmonary hypertension(HAPH) is a life-threating condition for animals in high altitude,and disturbance of endothelial nitric oxide(NO) synthesis contributes to its pathogenesis. N-carbamylglutamate(NCG), which enhances arginine synthesis, promotes endogenous synthesis of NO. In this study, we determined the effects of NCG on alleviating HAPH in Holstein heifers that ascended to Tibet(Lhasa, 3,658 m).Methods: Exp. 1, 2,000 Holstein heifers were transported from low elevation(1,027 m) to Lhasa. After being exposed to hypoxia for 1 yr, Holstein heifers were assigned to a healthy group(Control, n = 6) with mean pulmonary hypertension(mPAP) < 41 mmHg, and an HAPH affected group(HAPH, n = 6) with mPAP > 49 mmHg.Lung tissues were collected to evaluate histopathological changes and the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS). Exp. 2, ten healthy heifers and 10 HAPH affected heifers were supplemented with NCG(20 g/d per heifer) for 4 wk. Physiological parameters were determined and blood samples were collected on d-1 and d 28 of the feeding trial.Results: Expression of e NOS in small pulmonary arteriole intima was higher in the healthy than HAPH group(P = 0.006), whereas HAPH group had significantly thicker media and adventitia than healthy group(all P < 0.05). The mRNA of eNOS and protein level of eNOS were higher in the lungs of heifers in the healthy group than in the HAPH group(both P < 0.001), whereas endothelin-1 protein levels were higher in HAPH group than in the healthy group(P = 0.025). NCG supplementation decreased mPAP and ammonia(both P = 0.001), whereas it increased the expression of eNOS, arginine, and plasma NO(all P < 0.05).Conclusions: The expression of eNOS was decreased in Holstein heifers with HAPH. NCG supplementation decreased m PAP through the restoration of eNOS and endogenous NO synthesis.

Comparison of rumen bacteria distribution in original rumen digesta, rumen liquid and solid fractions in lactating Holstein cows

Background： Original rumen digesta, rumen liquid and solid fractions have been frequently used to assess the rumen bacterial community. However, bacterial profiles in rumen original digesta, liquid and solid fractions vary from each other and need to be better established.Methods： To compare bacterial profiles in each fraction, samples of rumen digesta from six cows fed either a high fiber diet（HFD） or a high energy diet（HED） were collected via rumen fistulas. Rumen digesta was then squeezed through four layers of cheesecloth to separate liquid and solid fractions. The bacterial profiles of rumen original digesta, liquid and solid fractions were analyzed with High-throughput sequencing technique.Results： Rumen bacterial diversity was mainly affected by diet and individual cow（P 〉 0.05） rather than rumen fraction. Bias distributed bacteria were observed in solid and liquid fractions of rumen content using Venn diagram and LEf Se analysis. Fifteen out of 16 detected biomarkers（using LEf Se analysis） were found in liquid fraction, and these 15 biomarkers contributed the most to the bacterial differences among rumen content fractions.Conclusions： Similar results were found when using samples of original rumen digesta, rumen liquid or solid fractions to assess diversity of rumen bacteria; however, more attention should be draw onto bias distributed bacteria in different ruminal fractions, especially when liquid fraction has been used as a representative sample for rumen bacterial study.

哺乳期犊牛是否需要饲喂粗饲料

哺乳期犊牛是否需要饲喂粗饲料是困扰行业多年的难题,在首届国际后备牛大会上,来自伊朗Lorestan大学的博导、独立牧场顾问Arash Azarfar从粗饲料的种类、添加水平、饲喂方法、饲喂时间等方面全面介绍了饲喂粗饲料对犊牛生长发育的影响.

Performance and ruminal parameters of fattening Moghani lambs fed recycled poultry bedding

This study investigated the effects of recycled poultry bedding(RPB) on performance and protozoa population, microbial enzyme activity and microbial protein synthesis(MPS) in rumen contents of fattening lambs. Thirty-six male Moghani lambs(31.4 ± 3.2 kg body weight) were fed iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets containing 0, 70,140 or 210 g/kg dry matter(DM) RPB in a balanced randomized design(9 lambs per treatment). Results showed that final body weight, DM intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were unchanged(P > 0.05) by RPB inclusion. Total protozoa population and subfamily of Entoniniinae and Diplodiniiae were linearly decreased by RPB(L, P < 0.05). For rumen fibrolytic enzymes including carboxymethyl-cellulase, microcrystalline-cellulase and filter paper degrading activity, the extra cellular, cellular and total(extra cellular plus cellular fraction) activity were similar(P > 0.05) by feeding the experimental diets. Inclusion of RPB in the diet linearly decreased extra cellular and total a-amylase activity(L, P < 0.05), while cellular activity was unchanged(P > 0.05). The extra cellular activity of proteases tended to increase(L, P=0.07) and their total and cellular activity increased(P > 0.05) in lambs fed RPB. Incorporation of RPB into the diet had no effect(L, P > 0.05) on urinary purine derivative excretion and MPS. In conclusion, inclusion of RPB up to 210 g/kg DM had no negative impact on performance, ruminal fibrolytic enzyme activity and MPS, while it increased rumen protease activity and decreased protozoa population in fattening Moghani lambs.