The common practice of establishing rice in the rice-wheat system in India is manual transplanting of seedlings in the puddled soil. Besides being costly, cumbersome, and time consuming, puddling results in degradatio...The common practice of establishing rice in the rice-wheat system in India is manual transplanting of seedlings in the puddled soil. Besides being costly, cumbersome, and time consuming, puddling results in degradation of soil and the formation of a hard pan, which impedes root growth of subsequent upland crops. In addition, decreased availability and increasing cost of labor have increased the cost of rice cultivation through conventional methods. Because of these concerns, there is a need for mechanized transplanting of rice which is less labor-intensive and can ensure optimum plant population under nonpuddled and/or no-till conditions. A large number of on-farm trials were conducted at farmers’ fields in Haryana, India, from 2006 to 2010 to evaluate the performance of the mechanical transplanted rice (MTR) under nonpuddled and no-till situations as compared to conventional puddled transplant rice (CPTR). Compared with CPTR, nonpuddled MTR produced 3%-11% higher grain yield in different years. Rice cultivars, viz. HKR47, HKR127, PR113, PR114, PB1, PB1121, CSR30, and Arize6129, performed consistently better under nonpuddled MTR as compared to CPTR. Performance of different cultivars (PR113, PR114, HKR47, and Pusa 44) was also better under no-till MTR as compared to CPTR. The “basmati” cultivar CSR30 performed equally in no-till MTR and CPTR systems. The results of our study suggest that rice can be easily grown under nonpuddled and no-till conditions with yield advantages over the CPTR system. Even in the case of similar yield between CPTR and MTR systems, the MTR system will help in reducing labor requirement and ultimately, will increase overall profits to farmers.展开更多
Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder, contributing to 50 percent of all the anaemias in the world. Dietary changes alone are insufficient for the correction and management of iron...Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder, contributing to 50 percent of all the anaemias in the world. Dietary changes alone are insufficient for the correction and management of iron deficiency anaemia. Hence, iron supplementation is necessary. Conventional oral iron therapy is limited in many patients because of dose dependent side effects, insufficient absorption, lack of compliance and limitation in various inflammatory conditions. Liposomal iron is a technologically designed, innovative form of iron which due to its differential delivery system ensures higher absorption and bioavailability, greater tolerability and least gastro-intestinal side effects unlike conventional oral iron preparations. This review provides a critical discussion and a comprehensive view based on the author’s review of the medical literature concerning the technology of liposomal iron preparation, mechanism of its absorption, its advantage over conventional iron preparations and clinical evidence on its usage in iron deficient states in pregnancy and certain inflammatory conditions.展开更多
文摘The common practice of establishing rice in the rice-wheat system in India is manual transplanting of seedlings in the puddled soil. Besides being costly, cumbersome, and time consuming, puddling results in degradation of soil and the formation of a hard pan, which impedes root growth of subsequent upland crops. In addition, decreased availability and increasing cost of labor have increased the cost of rice cultivation through conventional methods. Because of these concerns, there is a need for mechanized transplanting of rice which is less labor-intensive and can ensure optimum plant population under nonpuddled and/or no-till conditions. A large number of on-farm trials were conducted at farmers’ fields in Haryana, India, from 2006 to 2010 to evaluate the performance of the mechanical transplanted rice (MTR) under nonpuddled and no-till situations as compared to conventional puddled transplant rice (CPTR). Compared with CPTR, nonpuddled MTR produced 3%-11% higher grain yield in different years. Rice cultivars, viz. HKR47, HKR127, PR113, PR114, PB1, PB1121, CSR30, and Arize6129, performed consistently better under nonpuddled MTR as compared to CPTR. Performance of different cultivars (PR113, PR114, HKR47, and Pusa 44) was also better under no-till MTR as compared to CPTR. The “basmati” cultivar CSR30 performed equally in no-till MTR and CPTR systems. The results of our study suggest that rice can be easily grown under nonpuddled and no-till conditions with yield advantages over the CPTR system. Even in the case of similar yield between CPTR and MTR systems, the MTR system will help in reducing labor requirement and ultimately, will increase overall profits to farmers.
文摘Iron deficiency anaemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder, contributing to 50 percent of all the anaemias in the world. Dietary changes alone are insufficient for the correction and management of iron deficiency anaemia. Hence, iron supplementation is necessary. Conventional oral iron therapy is limited in many patients because of dose dependent side effects, insufficient absorption, lack of compliance and limitation in various inflammatory conditions. Liposomal iron is a technologically designed, innovative form of iron which due to its differential delivery system ensures higher absorption and bioavailability, greater tolerability and least gastro-intestinal side effects unlike conventional oral iron preparations. This review provides a critical discussion and a comprehensive view based on the author’s review of the medical literature concerning the technology of liposomal iron preparation, mechanism of its absorption, its advantage over conventional iron preparations and clinical evidence on its usage in iron deficient states in pregnancy and certain inflammatory conditions.