Hepatitis B virus,HBx mutants and their role in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the leading causes of death induced by cancer in the modern world and majority of the cases are related to chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection.HBV-encoded X protein(HBx)is known to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of viral induced HCC.HBx is a multifunctional protein of17 kDa which modulates several cellular processes by direct or indirect interaction with a repertoire of host factors resulting in HCC.HBX might interfere with several cellular processes such as oxidative stress,DNA repair,signal transduction,transcription,protein degradation,cell cycle progression and apoptosis.A number of reports have indicated that HBx is one of the most common viral ORFs that is often integrated into the host genome and its sequence variants play a crucial role in HCC.By mutational or deletion analysis it was shown that carboxy terminal of HBx has a likely role in protein-protein interactions,transcriptional transactivation,DNA repair,cell,signaling and pathogenesis of HCC.The accumulated evidence thus far suggests that it is difficult to understand the mechanistic nature of HBx associated HCC,and HBx mediated transcriptional transactivation and signaling pathways may be a major determinant.This article addresses the role of HBx in the development of HCC with particular emphasis on HBx mutants and their putative targets.

Potential mechanisms of hepatitis B virus induced liver injury

Chronic active hepatitis(CAH) is acknowledged as an imperative risk factor for the development of liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma.The histological end points of CAH are chronic inflammation,fibrosis and cirrhosis which are coupled with increased DNA synthesis in cirrhotic vs healthy normal livers.The potential mechanism involved in CAH includes a combination of processes leading to liver cell necrosis,inflammation and cytokine production and liver scaring(fibrosis).The severity of liver damage is regulated by Hepatitis B virus genotypes and viral components.The viral and cellular factors that contribute to liver injury are discussed in this article.Liver injury caused by the viral infection affects many cellular processes such as cell signaling,apoptosis,transcription,DNA repair which in turn induce radical effects on cell survival,growth,transformation and maintenance.The consequence of such perturbations is resulted in the alteration of bile secretion,gluconeogenesis,glycolysis,detoxification and metabolism of carbohydrates,proteins,fat and balance of nutrients.The identification and elucidation of the molecular pathways perturbed by the viral proteins are important in order to design effective strategy to minimize and/or restore the hepatocytes injury.

Beamforming Performance Analysis of Millimeter-Wave 5G Wireless Networks

With the rapid growth in the number of mobile devices and user connectivity,the demand for higher system capacity and improved qualityof-service is required.As the demand for high-speed wireless communication grows,numerous modulation techniques in the frequency,temporal,and spatial domains,such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM),time division multiple access(TDMA),space division multiple access(SDMA),and multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO),are being developed.Along with those approaches,electromagnetic waves’orbital angular momentum(OAM)is attracting attention because it has the potential to boost the wireless communication capacity.Antenna electromagnetic radiation can be described by a sum of Eigen functions with unique eigenvalues,as is well known.In order to address such issues,the millimeter-wave(mmWave)communication is proposed which is considered as one of the potential technology for 5G wireless networks.The intrinsic feature of all electromagnetic waves is OAM.The OAM beams’unique qualities have led to a slew of new uses.Broadband OAM generators,on the other hand,have gotten very little attention,especially in the mmWave frequency band.The use of OAM in conjunction with mmWave can reduce the beam power loss,enhance the received signal quality,and hence increase the systemcapacity.The transmitter and receiver antennas must be coaxial and parallel to achieve precise mode detection.The proposed mmWave integrated with OAM system model is discussed in this study.The channel model is created using the channel transition characteristics.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system model is a good way to boost the system capacity.

An Efficient Scheme for Data Pattern Matching in IoT Networks

The Internet has become an unavoidable trend of all things due to the rapid growth of networking technology,smart home technology encompasses a variety of sectors,including intelligent transportation,allowing users to communicate with anybody or any device at any time and from anywhere.However,most things are different now.Background:Structured data is a form of separated storage that slows down the rate at which everything is connected.Data pattern matching is commonly used in data connectivity and can help with the issues mentioned above.Aim:The present pattern matching system is ineffective due to the heterogeneity and rapid expansion of large IoT data.The method requires a lot of manual work and has a poor match with real-world applications.In the modern IoT context,solving the challenge of automatic pattern matching is complex.Methodology:A three-layer mapping matching is proposed for heterogeneous data from the IoT,and a hierarchical pattern matching technique.The feature classification matching,relational feature clustering matching,and mixed element matching are all examples of feature classification matching.Through layer-by-layer matching,the algorithm gradually narrows the matching space,improving matching quality,reducing the number of matching between components and the degree of manual participation,and producing a better automatic mode matching.Results:The algorithm’s efficiency and performance are tested using a large number of data samples,and the results show that the technique is practical and effective.Conclusion:the proposed algorithm utilizes the instance information of the data pattern.It deploys three-layer mapping matching approach and mixed element matching and realizes the automatic pattern matching of heterogeneous data which reduces the matching space between elements in complex patterns.It improves the efficiency and accuracy of automatic matching.

Outcome of Long Segment Transpedicular Screw Fixation in Unstable Thoracolumbar Spine Injury with Incomplete Neurological Deficit

Background: Long segment transpedicular screw fixation in thoracolumbar spine injury has gained popularity in the last decades as it provides immediate stability, prevents further risk of complications and allows early mobilization of patient. Objectives: Evaluation of clinical and functional outcome after long segment transpedicular screw fixation in unstable thoracolumbar spine injury with incomplete neurological deficit patients. Methods: This quasi experimental study was conducted at Dhaka Medical College and Hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2016 to December 2017. A total of twenty four (24) patients with traumatic unstable fracture of the thoracolumbar spine with incomplete neurological deficit underwent long segment transpedicular screw fixation were included in this study. Clinical and radiologic outcomes were assessed pre-operatively and post-operatively. Results: A total of 24 patients aged between 20 - 60 years of both sexes (Male-21, Female-03) were included in this study. Their mean (±SD) age was 33.12 (±8.57) years. Most of them were farmer [09 (37.5%)] and day labour [08 (33.33%)]. Motor vehicle accidents were the most common [16 (66.67%)] cause of injury and then fall from height [08 (33.33%)]. The most common level of injury involved was L1-10 (41.67%) patients, followed by L2-07 (29.17%), T12-05 (20.83%) and T11-02 (8.33%) of the study patients. Burst fracture was the commonest [22 (91.67%)] type of fracture followed by Chance fracture [02 (8.33%)]. Pre-operative mean (±SD) Cobb angle, Kyphotic deformation of vertebral body, Beck index and vertebral compression deformity were 21.83 ± 4.5 degrees, 22.09 ± 4.40 degrees, 0.78 ± 2.65 and 0.18 ± 0.93 mm respectively, after procedure which were significantly (p Conclusions: Long segment transpedicular screw fixation is an effective method of treatment in patients having thoracolumbar spine injury with incomplete neurological deficit.