Error Detecting Dual Basis Bit Parallel Systolic Multiplication Architecture over GF（2^m）

An error tolerant hardware efficient verylarge scale integration （VLSI） architecture for bitparallel systolic multiplication over dual base, which canbe pipelined, is presented. Since this architecture has thefeatures of regularity, modularity and unidirectionaldata flow, this structure is well suited to VLSIimplementations. The length of the largest delay pathand area of this architecture are less compared to the bitparallel systolic multiplication architectures reportedearlier. The architecture is implemented using Austria Micro System＇s 0.35 μm CMOS （complementary metaloxide semiconductor） technology. This architecture canalso operate over both the dual-base and polynomialbase.

Soil splash erosion:An overlooked issue for sustainable rubber plantation in the tropical region of China

Soil erosion by water is known to be a major driver of land degradation.Splash erosion is the initial stage of water erosion and directly contributes to the detachment of soil particles on sloping land.Splash erosion may be exacerbated or mitigated by ongoing land use/cover change.To estimate the effects of various land use and management systems on splash erosion in the humid tropics,we measured the actual splash erosion under natural rainfall conditions in a tropical rainforest(TR),rubber monoculture(RM),and four rubber agroforestry ecosystems in Xishuangbanna,Southwestern China.The average cumulative splash mass in the RM was 48.7 times higher compared to that in the TR,indicating that the replacement of TR by RM results in severe splash erosion.In the rubber agroforestry systems,the throughfall kinetic energy and splash mass were 34-76%and 86-97%lower,respectively,than that in the RM,indicating that intercropping crops with rubber trees can effectively alleviate erosive power of throughfall and thus splash erosion.Under all land use regimes,in the plots where the litter layer was removed,splash erosion was significantly(2.0-12.1 times)higher and more spatially heterogeneous than in those with litter cover.This highlighted the key role of the forest litter layer in protecting the soil from raindrop detachment.In the study area,the actual splash erosion was strongly correlated with the conditions of precipitation(amount and intensity(I10)of rainfall)and the vegetation structure(especially the crown base height,leaf area index,and canopy cover),but weakly correlated with the soil properties.Given the importance of near-ground intercrops(height<5 m)for improving the vegetation structure,surface cover,and soil conditions,the intercropping of Camellia sinensis and Theobroma cacao with rubber trees is a promising approach for controlling splash erosion and also has benefits on the sus-tainable development of rubber plantation.

Security Attacks in Named Data Networking: A Review and Research Directions

Contents such as audios,videos,and images,contribute most of the Internet traffic in the current paradigm.Secure content sharing is a tedious issue.The existing security solutions do not secure data but secure the communicating endpoints.Named data networking(NDN)secures the data by enforcing the data publisher to sign the data.Any user can verify the data by using the public key of the publisher.NDN is resilient to most of the probable security attacks in the TCP/IP model due to its new architecture.However,new types of attacks are possible in NDN.This article surveys the most significant security attacks in NDN such as interest flooding attacks,cache privacy attacks,cache pollution attacks,and content poisoning attacks.Each attack is classified according to their behavior and discussed for their detection techniques,countermeasures,and the affected parameters.The article is an attempt to help new researchers in this area to gather the domain knowledge of NDN.The article also provides open research issues that could be addressed by researchers.

Varna-based optimization:a novel method for capacitated controller placement problem in SDN

Recently,software defined networking(SDN)is a promising paradigm shift that decouples the control plane from the data plane.It can centrally monitor and control the network through softwarization,i.e.,controller.Multiple controllers are a necessity of current SDN based WAN.Placing multiple controllers in an optimum way is known as controller placement problem(CPP).Earlier,solutions of CPP only concentrated on propagation latency but overlooked the capacity of controllers and the dynamic load on switches,which is a significant factor in real networks.In this paper,we develop a novel optimization algorithm named varna-based optimization(VBO)and use it to solve CPP.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first attempt to minimize the total average latency of SDN along with the implementation of TLBO and Jaya algorithms to solve CPP for all twelve possible scenarios.Our experimental results show that TLBO outperforms PSO,and VBO outperforms TLBO and Jaya algorithms in all scenarios for all topologies.