Biochemical,Enzymatic,and Immunological Study on Antimutagenic Achillea millefolium Methanolic Extract in vivo

Traditionally medicinal plants are used for its potential chemotherapeutic action and for safety upon the continued use of these plants.Achillea millefolium(AM)is an ancient herb which is used to treat wounds,headaches,disorder in gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary,pain,and inflammation.This study was aimed to investigate the biochemical parameter of antimutagenic methanolic extract for AM in vivo.Plant extract together with MTX decreased the damage caused by the drug on the concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides(160.3±2.26 and 108.7±2.71),significant increase in total protein concentration(8.51±0.17,9.46±0.19 and 10.8±2.71 g\dL)for 100 and 200 mg\kg was observed.Also plant extracts counteract the damage caused by drug through the reduction for both creatinin and albumin concentrations to 1.57±0.03 mg\dL and 4.56±0.09 g\dL,respectively.On enzymatic level,the results of interactions indicated the ability of plant to modulating harmful effects of the drug(57.1±1.3,130±3.1 and 111.1±2.1 U\L)for GOT,GPT and ALP,respectively.On the other hand,the plant possesses the ability to enhance the concentrations of all immunoglobulin(IgM,IgA and IgG)in the two doses tested.Therefore,the results of this study indicate the antimutagenic potential of AM extract and encouraging its consumption with MTX as one of the promising therapies.

Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Using Salvia officinalis Extract on Some Pathogenic Bacteria

This study included evaluation for the effects of green synthetic nanoparticles of Salvia officinalis aqueous leaf extract loaded with silver nitrate on antibacterial activity. Green synthetic nanoparticles were synthesized by mixing the plant extract with different AgNO3 concentrations (1 mM, 1.5 mM, 1.75 mM, and 2 Mm) then they were detected by color changing and UV visible spectroscopy, which gave indication for the creation of silver nanoparticles. A characteristic and definite surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band for silver nanoparticles was obtained at around 433 nm. The SPR peak of silver nanoparticles extreme peak intensity was obtained at 1.75 mM of AgNO3. Atomic Force Microscopy analysis was used to characterize silver nanoparticles which declared that the shape of green synthetic nanoparticles had different average size depending on sliver concentrations. Since it was observed that the shape and size of green synthetic nanoparticles were concentrations dependent (89.69 nm, 80.94 nm, 76.98 nm and 60.28 nm) respectively for AgNO3 concentrations tested (1 mM, 1.5 mM, 1.75 mM and 2 mM). The antibacterial activity of green synthetic sliver nanoparticles was studied for all G+ve and G-ve selected isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus heamolytics, Streptococcus pnemoniae, Enterococcus faecalis) and others G-ve bacterial isolates (Escherichi coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and the result showed that different green synthetic nanoparticles concentrations (1, 1.5, 1.75, 2 mM) have the ability to inhibit all bacterial isolates with varying zones of inhibition higher than the inhibition observed by ready to use sliver nanoparticles. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of green synthetic nanoparticles were obtained in concentration of (31, 27, 23 and 16 μm/mL) for G+ve (S. auerus) and (187, 125, 125, 109 μm/mL) for G-ve (E. coli) at (1, 1.5, 1.75, 2 mM) respectively. The activity of green synthetic sliver nanoparticles in inhibition S. auerus and E. coli, biofilm formation was studied and the result showed that 2 mM nanoparticles could inhibit 75% of S. auerus biofilm and 50% of E. coli biofilm respectively.