Repercussion of salinity on hematological parameters and tissue morphology of gill and kidney at early life of tilapia

This study was attempted to reveal the changes in three hematological parameters such as blood hemoglobin,number of white blood cells(WBCs)and number of red blood cells(RBCs)and one biochemical(e.g.,glucose)parameter along with the changes in histomorphological structures of gills and kidney of Nile tilapia fry reared in saline water.Two experimental set up were used for two different age groups-5 days-after-hatch(5DAH)and 15 days-after-hatch(15DAH)-to test a novel hypothesis:if a little difference in the age during the first exposure to saline water could produce any variation in the results.They were placed into 6 plastic drums having six different salinity levels:0,5,10,15,20 and 25.After 60 days,at least 5 individuals were taken out from each drum to observe the above-hematological and histomorphological parameters.A two-way-ANOVA revealed that,except for hemoglobin,all the observed parameters have been affected the effect of age×salinity interaction(P<0.05).Between the two age groups,only the overall average glucose value and RBC count were significantly different.Among various salinity levels,only RBC and WBC counts differed significantly.Further,the mean glucose value,RBC counts and WBC count at different salinities differed significantly from the base mean value of each parameter.With regard to the histomorphological structure of the gills and kidney,various malformations were evident.Though hypertrophy,epithelial uplifting and epithelial necrosis were present as gill degenerations,hyperplasia was prevalent across almost all salinity levels.On the other hand,glomerular necrosis,pyknotic nucleus,hyaline droplets degeneration,shrinking of the glomeruli,etc.were observed in kidney structures.By assisting to understand the effects of salinity stress,all these data on tilapia fry will help to determine the prospects and scope of culturing the species in high-salinity water.

Couette Flow Problem for an Unsteady MHD Fourth-Grade Fluid with Hall Currents

In this work, we analyze Couette flow problem for an unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) fourth-grade fluid in presence of pressure gradient and Hall currents. The existing literature on the topic shows that the effect of Hall current on Couette flow of an unsteady MHD fourth-grade fluid with pressure gradient has not been investigated so far. The arising non-linear problem is solved by the homotopy analysis method (HAM) and the convergence of the obtained complex series solution is carefully analyzed. The influence of pressure number, Hartmann number, Hall parameter and fourth-grade material parameters on the unsteady velocity is discussed through plots and on local skin-friction coefficient discussed through numerical values presented in tabular form.

Analytic Solution for Fluid Flow over an Exponentially Stretching Porous Sheet with Surface Heat Flux in Porous Medium by Means of Homotopy Analysis Method

In this paper, the analytical solution of a viscous and incompressible fluid towards an exponentially stretching porous sheet with surface heat flux in porous medium, for the boundary layer and heat transfer flow, is presented. The equations of continuity, momentum and the energy are transformed into non-linear ordinary differential by using similarity transformation. The solutions of these highly non-linear ordinary differential equations are found analytically by means of Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). The result obtained by HAM is compared with numerical results presented in the literature. The accuracy of the HAM is indicated by close agreement of the two sets of results. By this method, an expression is obtained which is admissible for all values of effective parameters. This method has the ability to control the convergence of the solution.

Effects of Hall Current on Flow of Unsteady MHD Axisymmetric Second-Grade Fluid with Suction and Blowing over an Exponentially Stretching Sheet

This paper investigates effects of Hall current on flow of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) axisymmetric second-grade fluid with suction and blowing over a sheet stretching exponentially with radius. The governing non-linear partial differential equations describing the problem are converted to a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations by using the similarity transformations. The complex analytical solution is found by using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The existing literature on the topic shows that it is the first study regarding the effects of Hall current on flow over an exponentially stretching sheet in cylindrical coordinates. The convergence of the obtained complex series solutions is carefully analyzed. The effects of dimensionless parameters on the radial and axial components of the velocity are illustrated through plots. Also the effects of the pertinent parameters on the shear stress at the wall are presented numerically in tabular form.