A biomonitoring study on lichens was conducted to assess the levels of atmospheric heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) at ten sites at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Campus, Bangi, Selangor, Mala...A biomonitoring study on lichens was conducted to assess the levels of atmospheric heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) at ten sites at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Campus, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Dirinaria picta, epiphytic lichen which commonly found at lowland areas was used as the bioindicator in this study where samples were collected from the bark of palm trees at sites ranging from areas with high volume of traffic to isolated areas in the campus. Eight metals (Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn , Al, Pb), and ten PAH;naphthalene (PAH1), acenaphtylene (PAH2), acenaphthene (PAH3), fluorine (PAH4), anthracene (PAH5), phenanthrene (PAH6), fluoranthene (PAH7), pyrene (PAH8), benzo (b) anthracene (PAH9) and chrysene (PAH10) were analyzed in the naturally growing thallus of Dirinaria picta. The average concentration of the metals was observed to be in the range of 230.6 ppm (Fe) to 0.3 ppm (Co) and for PAH, it was observed in the range of 612 ppm (PAH1) to 79.5 ppm (PAH10). The One-way ANOVA analysis for both the heavy metals and the PAHs showed Ho was rejected. There are significant differences in heavy metals and PAHs concentrations between sites. The selectivity sequence of heavy metals were Fe > Cr > Ni > Al > Zn > Pb > Cu. Meanwhile for PAH, the sequence is PAH1 > PAH3 > PAH2 > PAH6 > PAH5 > PAH7 > PAH4 > PAH8 > PAH9 > PAH10.展开更多
Background:Indoor air quality(IAQ)is a concern in kindergartens as children spend much of their time there.Yet,there is a shortage of biological indicators needed for assessing IAQ.Thus,this study evaluated IAQ using ...Background:Indoor air quality(IAQ)is a concern in kindergartens as children spend much of their time there.Yet,there is a shortage of biological indicators needed for assessing IAQ.Thus,this study evaluated IAQ using transplanted lichen Usnea misaminensis as a biological indicator.Methods:Lichen samples,collected from Bukit Larut,Perak,Malaysia,were exposed to indoor and outdoor environments in an urban area(Ummi Aiman Kindergarten)and a rural area(Ummi Qaseh Pelangi Kindergarten)for 2 months during August 15 to October 14,2019.The concentrations of 12 selected elements and the vitality of the lichens were then evaluated.Results:Increased concentrations of eleven of the twelve elements deposited in the lichen samples in both urban and rural areas were observed.For both areas,the element concentrations in the samples from the indoor environment was lower than those from the outdoor environment,and those in the rural area were lower than those from in the urban area,suggesting the impacts of traffic emissions.The vitality of the lichens showed no significant change in indoor environment,compared to that in outdoor environment,indicating that even exposed to indoor environment,the lichens remained effective biological indicators as same as they were in the outdoor environment.Conclusions:Lichens are effective biological indicators for both outdoor and indoor environments.Furthermore,outdoor emissions could influence IAQ,which could be problematic in densely populated areas such as kindergartens.Mitigation measures should be taken.展开更多
文摘A biomonitoring study on lichens was conducted to assess the levels of atmospheric heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) at ten sites at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Campus, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Dirinaria picta, epiphytic lichen which commonly found at lowland areas was used as the bioindicator in this study where samples were collected from the bark of palm trees at sites ranging from areas with high volume of traffic to isolated areas in the campus. Eight metals (Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn , Al, Pb), and ten PAH;naphthalene (PAH1), acenaphtylene (PAH2), acenaphthene (PAH3), fluorine (PAH4), anthracene (PAH5), phenanthrene (PAH6), fluoranthene (PAH7), pyrene (PAH8), benzo (b) anthracene (PAH9) and chrysene (PAH10) were analyzed in the naturally growing thallus of Dirinaria picta. The average concentration of the metals was observed to be in the range of 230.6 ppm (Fe) to 0.3 ppm (Co) and for PAH, it was observed in the range of 612 ppm (PAH1) to 79.5 ppm (PAH10). The One-way ANOVA analysis for both the heavy metals and the PAHs showed Ho was rejected. There are significant differences in heavy metals and PAHs concentrations between sites. The selectivity sequence of heavy metals were Fe > Cr > Ni > Al > Zn > Pb > Cu. Meanwhile for PAH, the sequence is PAH1 > PAH3 > PAH2 > PAH6 > PAH5 > PAH7 > PAH4 > PAH8 > PAH9 > PAH10.
基金supported by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia through a research grant(GUP-2018-032).
文摘Background:Indoor air quality(IAQ)is a concern in kindergartens as children spend much of their time there.Yet,there is a shortage of biological indicators needed for assessing IAQ.Thus,this study evaluated IAQ using transplanted lichen Usnea misaminensis as a biological indicator.Methods:Lichen samples,collected from Bukit Larut,Perak,Malaysia,were exposed to indoor and outdoor environments in an urban area(Ummi Aiman Kindergarten)and a rural area(Ummi Qaseh Pelangi Kindergarten)for 2 months during August 15 to October 14,2019.The concentrations of 12 selected elements and the vitality of the lichens were then evaluated.Results:Increased concentrations of eleven of the twelve elements deposited in the lichen samples in both urban and rural areas were observed.For both areas,the element concentrations in the samples from the indoor environment was lower than those from the outdoor environment,and those in the rural area were lower than those from in the urban area,suggesting the impacts of traffic emissions.The vitality of the lichens showed no significant change in indoor environment,compared to that in outdoor environment,indicating that even exposed to indoor environment,the lichens remained effective biological indicators as same as they were in the outdoor environment.Conclusions:Lichens are effective biological indicators for both outdoor and indoor environments.Furthermore,outdoor emissions could influence IAQ,which could be problematic in densely populated areas such as kindergartens.Mitigation measures should be taken.
