基于扩张观测器的液压驱动单元位置抗扰控制

机器人在运动过程中,较大的外干扰力会降低机器人关节控制器的精度,进而影响机器人的控制性能。以足式机器人的关节驱动器——液压驱动单元为研究对象,建立了非对称缸液压驱动单元位置控制系统的数学模型,推导了其状态空间表达式;将系统的总扰动扩张为一个新的状态变量,从而建立了液压驱动单元位置控制系统的扩张状态观测器,并通过带宽确定扩张状态观测器增益参数;设计了控制系统的控制律,并对设计的扩张状态观测器的有效性进行了实验验证。实验表明:设计的扩张状态观测器对控制系统扰动有一定的抑制作用,增强了系统稳定性,提高了系统受外界干扰时的控制精度。

Nonlinear Mathematical Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of Hydraulic Drive Unit

The previous sensitivity analysis researches are not accurate enough and also have the limited reference value, because those mathematical models are relatively simple and the change of the load and the initial displacement changes of the piston are ignored, even experiment verification is not conducted. Therefore, in view of deficiencies above, a nonlinear mathematical model is established in this paper, including dynamic characteristics of servo valve, nonlinear characteristics of pressure-flow, initial displacement of servo cylinder piston and friction nonlinearity. The transfer function block diagram is built for the hydraulic drive unit closed loop position control, as well as the state equations. Through deriving the time-varying coefficient items matrix and time-varying free items matrix of sensitivity equations respectively, the expression of sensitivity equations based on the nonlinear mathematical model are obtained. According to structure parameters of hydraulic drive unit, working parameters, fluid transmission characteristics and measured friction-velocity curves, the simulation analysis of hydraulic drive unit is completed on the MATLAB/Simulink simulation platform with the displacement step 2 mm, 5 mm and 10 mm, respectively. The simulation results indicate that the developed nonlinear mathematical model is sufficient by comparing the characteristic curves of experimental step response and simulation step response under different constant load. Then, the sensitivity function time-history curves of seventeen parameters are obtained, basing on each state vector time-history curve of step response characteristic. The maximum value of displacement variation percentage and the sum of displacement variation absolute values in the sampling time are both taken as sensitivity indexes. The sensitivity indexes values above are calculated and shown visually in histograms under different working conditions, and change rules are analyzed. Then the sensitivity indexes values of four measurable parameters, such as supply pressure, proportional gain, initial position of servo cylinder piston and load force, are verified experimentally on test platform of hydraulic drive unit, and the experimental research shows that the sensitivity analysis results obtained through simulation are approximate to the test results. This research indicates each parameter sensitivity characteristics of hydraulic drive unit, the performance-affected main parameters and secondary parameters are got under different working conditions, which will provide the theoretical foundation for the control compensation and structure optimization of hydraulic drive unit.

Force Control Compensation Method with Variable Load Stiffness and Damping of the Hydraulic Drive Unit Force Control System

Each joint of hydraulic drive quadruped robot is driven by the hydraulic drive unit（HDU）, and the contacting between the robot foot end and the ground is complex and variable, which increases the difficulty of force control inevitably. In the recent years, although many scholars researched some control methods such as disturbance rejection control, parameter self-adaptive control, impedance control and so on, to improve the force control performance of HDU, the robustness of the force control still needs improving. Therefore, how to simulate the complex and variable load characteristics of the environment structure and how to ensure HDU having excellent force control performance with the complex and variable load characteristics are key issues to be solved in this paper. The force control system mathematic model of HDU is established by the mechanism modeling method, and the theoretical models of a novel force control compensation method and a load characteristics simulation method under different environment structures are derived, considering the dynamic characteristics of the load stiffness and the load damping under different environment structures. Then, simulation effects of the variable load stiffness and load damping under the step and sinusoidal load force are analyzed experimentally on the HDU force control performance test platform, which provides the foundation for the force control compensation experiment research. In addition, the optimized PID control parameters are designed to make the HDU have better force control performance with suitable load stiffness and load damping, under which the force control compensation method is introduced, and the robustness of the force control system with several constant load characteristics and the variable load characteristics respectively are comparatively analyzed by experiment. The research results indicate that if the load characteristics are known, the force control compensation method presented in this paper has positive compensation effects on the load characteristics variation, i.e., this method decreases the effects of the load characteristics variation on the force control performance and enhances the force control system robustness with the constant PID parameters, thereby, the online PID parameters tuning control method which is complex needs not be adopted. All the above research provides theoretical and experimental foundation for the force control method of the quadruped robot joints with high robustness.

足式机器人液压驱动关键技术研究综述

足式机器人以自然界亿万年进化而成的哺乳动物、足式爬行动物或昆虫等足式生物为仿生原型,兼具足式生物肢体运动的灵活性和野外多种复杂地形的适应性,特别是与具备高功重比和快速响应能力优势的液压驱动相结合,大幅提升其运动性能和负重能力。首先,介绍足式机器人应用背景及其液压驱动基本原理,分析液压驱动在足式机器人设计与控制中的重要作用,列举现已公开的国内外多种形式液压足式机器人。其次,阐述近年来国内外研究机构针对足式机器人液压驱动单元、液压动力单元和液压控制方法三方面关键技术,取得的研究进展和研究成果。最后,从与仿生学深入融合的角度,提出了液压足式机器人腿部“肌骨”一体化仿生设计、机身“内脏”紧凑式仿生排布与控制“神经”多层级仿生融合的前沿发展趋势。

液压驱动单元基于力的阻抗控制系统前馈抗扰控制研究

液压驱动单元(Hydraulic drive unit,HDU)是液压驱动型足式机器人常用的关节驱动器,具有集成度高、功率密度大等特性。机器人顶层规划后,需依靠其完成具体动作,实现机器人的行走、对角小跑、奔跑等步态。HDU所受外负载会随机器人腾空相和着地相频繁大幅变化,严重影响系统性能。若HDU具备高性能基于力的阻抗控制,则可有效减小机器人在运动过程中足地接触时的碰撞力,保证机器人运动的平稳性。为提高基于力的阻抗控制系统的抗外扰动能力,研究一种前馈抗扰控制(Feedforward disturbance rejection control,FDRC)。介绍HDU基于力的阻抗控制系统及其数学模型,推导其非线性状态空间表达式。针对系统的外扰动推导等价输入矩阵,设计前馈抗扰控制器,并估算伺服阀流量系数。利用HDU性能测试试验台,针对不同工况和典型信号进行试验。试验结果表明,FDRC可大幅提高HDU基于力的阻抗控制系统的抗外扰动能力,且工况适应性良好。该控制方法可降低外扰动对液压驱动型机器人的影响,提高机器人的适应性。

足式机器人轻量化液压驱动执行器质量建模及灵敏度分析

液压驱动执行器是航空航天、机器人和工程机械等高端移动装备中的核心执行元件,是液压系统的"肌肉"。对液压驱动执行器进行轻量化设计是提升上述高端移动装备的续航能力、机动性和承载能力的主要途径之一。以适用于足式机器人腿部关键驱动的液压执行器为研究对象,首先建立执行器各部件精确质量模型。然后,采用可以定量评估参数对模型影响的基于Sobol的全局灵敏度分析方法,并结合蒙特卡洛数值模拟方法增强其分析效率,揭示了质量参数变化对执行器质量的影响规律,最终得到了影响液压驱动执行器质量的关键参数,并通过系统建模验证了灵敏度分析结果的准确性。同时,所采用的分析方法为通用方法,可对不同液压驱动执行器进行质量建模并进行灵敏度分析,为其轻量化设计提供重要理论参考。

足式机器人轻量化液压油源匹配设计方法研究

液压油源是足式机器人液压驱动系统的核心供能元件,将电能产生的机械能转化为油液的压力能,为驱动机器人各关节运动提供动力源。液压油源质量一般占据足式机器人整机质量超过20%,实现油源的轻量化,将有助于提升足式机器人的续航能力、机动性和承载能力。传统液压油源设计过程中更关注性能,在轻量化匹配设计方面还有待进一步完善。首先进行足式机器人轻量化液压油源的原理设计;其次将液压油源以功能为依据进行模块划分,分析液压油源各模块质量影响参数;针对质量与体积占比较大的电机泵进行匹配研究,针对蓄能器模块进行参数轻量化分析;针对集成阀块的轻量化设计,研究流道构建与元件排布原则;成功研发一种轻量化液压油源样机;最终形成了一种足式机器人轻量化液压油源匹配设计方法,有助于实现足式机器人液压驱动系统的轻量化。