添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂条件下基于^(15)N示踪的夏玉米当季肥料氮去向研究

【目的】以华北平原夏玉米为研究对象,利用高丰度15N同位素示踪方法,探究添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂条件下肥料氮的去向。【方法】于2022−06−25至2022−10−09在河北省廊坊市进行试验。设置5个处理:不施氮肥对照(CK)、单施尿素(U)、尿素+脲酶抑制剂(UI)、尿素+硝化抑制剂(NI)、尿素+脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂(UI+NI),测定了氮素吸收量,监测了累积NH3挥发和N_(2)O排放量,并计算了肥料氮的气态损失量和土壤氮肥残留量。【结果】与单施尿素处理相比,3个添加抑制剂处理UI、NI和UI+NI的地上部吸氮量分别显著提高了39.7%、33.1%和41.8%,氮肥利用率分别显著提高12.5、6.8和12.3个百分点,UI和UI+NI的提升效果显著高于NI。与U和NI相比,UI处理的土壤中肥料氮残留量分别提高了35.6%和27.9%,UI+NI分别提高了45.7%和37.4%。与U处理相比,NI处理的NH3挥发累积量无显著差异,而UI和UI+NI处理土壤的NH3挥发累积量分别显著减少了14.3%和11.6%;UI、NI和UI+NI处理土壤的N_(2)O累积排放量分别显著降低了17.2%、19.9%和34.5%,UI+NI处理土壤的N_(2)O累积排放量又比UI和NI处理分别显著降低了20.9%和18.2%。【结论】尿素配合脲酶/硝化抑制剂施用显著提高了夏玉米的氮素吸收量,添加脲酶抑制剂显著提高了土壤中肥料氮残留量,减少了累积NH3挥发量和N_(2)O累积排放量,而添加硝化抑制剂增加土壤中肥料氮的残留量和减少NH3挥发的效果不显著,但降低了N_(2)O累积排放量。同时配施脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂处理增加了土壤中肥料氮的残留量,降低NH3挥发量和N_(2)O累积排放量的效果显著优于配施一种抑制剂,肥料氮的损失率降至3.7%。因此,在华北平原典型潮土区,夏玉米生产中推荐尿素同时配施脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂,以减少肥料氮的气态损失,提高氮肥当季利用率。

Identifying the critical phosphorus balance for optimizing phosphorus input and regulating soil phosphorus effectiveness in a typical winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in North China

Phosphorus(P)is a nonrenewable resource and a critical element for plant growth that plays an important role in improving crop yield.Excessive P fertilizer application is widespread in agricultural production,which not only wastes phosphate resources but also causes P accumulation and groundwater pollution.Here,we hypothesized that the apparent P balance of a crop system could be used as an indicator for identifying the critical P input in order to obtain a high yield with high phosphorus use efficiency(PUE).A 12-year field experiment with P fertilization rates of 0,45,90,135,180,and 225 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1)was conducted to determine the crop yield,PUE,and soil Olsen-P value response to P balance,and to optimize the P input.Annual yield stagnation occurred when the P fertilizer application exceeded a certain level,and high yield and PUE levels were achieved with annual P fertilizer application rates of 90-135 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1).A critical P balance range of 2.15-4.45 kg P ha^(-1)was recommended to achieve optimum yield with minimal environmental risk.The critical P input range estimated from the P balance was 95.7-101 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1),which improved relative yield(>90%)and PUE(90.0-94.9%).In addition,the P input-output balance helps in assessing future changes in Olsen-P values,which increased by 4.07 mg kg^(-1)of P for every 100 kg of P surplus.Overall,the P balance can be used as a critical indicator for P management in agriculture,providing a robust reference for limiting P excess and developing a more productive,efficient and environmentally friendly P fertilizer management strategy.

喷施γ-聚谷氨酸提高夏玉米产量和养分吸收的机制

【目的】探明γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)促进夏玉米生长和养分吸收利用的调控机制,为其在玉米生产中的科学使用提供技术指导和理论依据。【方法】以玉米品种郑单958为试材,于2017和2018年在河北廊坊进行了田间试验。在两个氮肥水平下,即常规用量(N 180 kg/hm^2)和减量30%(N 126 kg/hm^2),分别喷施γ-PGA或谷氨酸两种增效剂(剂量分别为0、37.5、150 g/hm^2),共10个处理。在玉米5个关键生育期采集植株样品,测定植株干物质积累和氮磷钾养分含量,并于收获期测定了玉米籽粒产量。【结果】1)两种增效剂处理的夏玉米穗粒数、产量、干物质和养分积累量存在显著差异,喷施γ-PGA效果显著优于喷施谷氨酸。与清水对照相比,喷施γ-PGA可通过提高穗粒数来实现增产,干物质积累总量显著增加,且主要促进开花前后的干物质积累,氮磷钾积累总量也有显著增加,两个剂量间无明显差异。喷施谷氨酸与清水对照的效果无明显差异。2)常规施氮水平下,与清水对照相比,喷施低量γ-PGA干物质积累总量显著增加5.08%,但增产作用不明显;而喷施高量γ-PGA的处理虽然干物质积累总量增加不明显,但穗粒数明显增加,产量显著增加3.42%,两剂量处理氮磷钾积累量均显著增加,增幅分别为5.20%~6.97%、7.29%~10.85%、3.48%~5.27%;减氮30%水平下,喷施高量γ-PGA处理穗粒数提高,产量显著增加3.07%,而低量处理的穗粒数和百粒重均有明显提高,并显著增产,两剂量下干物质和钾积累总量分别显著增加6.48%~7.93%、4.36%~6.12%,而低量处理氮磷积累量分别显著增加8.41%、11.94%,显著高于高量处理。两种施氮水平下,谷氨酸处理各指标与对照均无明显差异。3)高产年份(2017年),喷施高量γ-PGA显著增产2.54%,低量处理增产不明显,两个喷施剂量均显著增加干物质和氮磷钾积累总量;低产年份(2018年),两个剂量γ-PGA处理的产量均显著增加,增幅分别达4.37%、4.14%,低量处理均显著增加干物质和养分积累量,且显著高于高量处理。对谷氨酸处理而言,仅在2018年低量处理通过增加百粒重使得产量显著增加,但效果低于γ-PGA处理。【结论】喷施γ-PGA促进夏玉米开花前后干物质积累,提高干物质和养分积累总量,增加穗粒数提高产量,而喷施谷氨酸无明显效果。可见,γ-PGA的增产增效并非主要是由于分解的谷氨酸起作用。减氮30%水平下喷施γ-PGA的增产增效作用大于常规施氮,且常规施氮水平下喷施高量γ-PGA的增产效果更好,而减氮30%水平下喷施低量γ-PGA的效果更好,表现为喷施低量γ-PGA处理>常规施氮对照>减氮30%对照,说明减氮30%下喷施低量γ-PGA能达到减肥增效的目的。

基于高光谱分析的玉米叶片氮含量分层诊断研究

为了明确不同生育时期进行玉米氮素营养诊断的叶片层位,建立准确稳健的玉米氮素营养诊断模型,以达到合理追施氮肥,提高氮肥利用率的目的。试验采用单因素盆栽试验设计,以玉米(郑单958)为研究对象,应用高光谱技术,分析了不同氮营养水平下不同生育时期不同层位玉米叶片的氮含量分布和变化规律及光谱响应特征;并依据叶片氮含量与光谱反射率的相关关系,叶片氮含量与全波段(400~2000nm)任意两两波段组合构建的比值光谱指数(RSI)的回归关系,初步确定了不同生育时期进行氮素营养高光谱诊断的目标叶片,筛选出最优的比值光谱指数,建立了叶片氮素含量估算模型。结果表明:玉米叶片氮含量:上层>中层>下层;随着玉米的生长,在低氮条件下上层叶片氮含量呈先减少后增加(追肥)再减少趋势,在高氮条件下呈减少趋势,中下层叶片氮含量呈递减趋势。六叶期下层玉米叶片光谱反射率敏感范围较大,相关性较强;九叶期和灌浆期上层玉米叶片的光谱反射率敏感范围较广,相关性较强;开花吐丝期中层叶片的光谱反射率敏感范围较大,相关性较强。六叶期选取下层叶作为诊断目标叶,选取最佳比值光谱指数RSI(1811,1842)建立线性估算模型,九叶期和灌浆期选取上层叶片作为诊断目标叶,选取的最佳比值光谱指数分别为RSI(720,557),RSI(600,511)建立线性估算模型,开花吐丝期选取中层叶片作为诊断目标叶,选取比值光谱指数RSI(688,644)建立线性估算模型。研究结果可为快速准确地利用光谱技术进行玉米叶片氮素营养诊断提供理论依据。

玉米不同层位叶片生理生化指标与SPAD值的关系

【目的】研究不同层位玉米叶片氮素指标的变化,确定在不同生育时期进行营养诊断的最佳叶片,以便能够及时、准确地进行氮素营养光谱诊断,实现玉米高产和肥料高效益。【方法】设置两年(2017和2018)的盆栽试验,共设6个施氮水平,分别在玉米的关键生育时期(拔节期、大喇叭口期、开花吐丝期和灌浆期)按叶片层位取样,分析叶片生理生化指标(叶片氮含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、叶片厚度和净光合速率)的变化及其与SPAD值的关系,确定利用SPAD值对叶片氮含量进行估算的最佳叶片。【结果】1)叶片氮含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、叶片厚度及净光合速率随着氮肥增施呈现先增加后平稳的趋势,与叶片SPAD值呈正相关关系;可溶性糖含量随着氮肥增施呈先减少后平稳的趋势,与SPAD值呈负相关关系。2)叶片氮含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、叶片厚度、净光合速率及SPAD值垂直分布上均表现为上层叶片>下层叶片;可溶性糖含量表现为下层叶片>上层叶片。3)SPAD值与叶片氮含量之间建立的线性回归模型均达极显著水平,拔节期和灌浆期的上层叶片、大喇叭口期和开花吐丝期的中层叶片氮含量与SPAD值回归决定系数(R^2)较高,分别为0.768、0.865、0.893、0.924。【结论】生育期、氮水平和叶片层位显著影响玉米叶片中与氮素营养相关的生理生化指标,呈现一定的空间异质性,在玉米拔节期和灌浆期利用SPAD值进行叶片氮含量营养诊断时应考虑测定上层叶片(顶两片、三片完全展开叶),而在大喇叭口期和开花吐丝期应测定中层叶片(中两片完全展开叶、穗位叶及以下两片叶)。

砂质潮土长期施磷的农学效应及有效性演变

【目的】研究冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系下砂质潮土长期施磷的作物产量效应、磷肥利用效率、土壤有效磷农学阈值及有效磷对土壤磷素盈亏的响应关系,为农田磷素养分管理提供依据。【方法】磷肥长期定位试验自2008年起在河北廊坊进行,种植制度为冬小麦–夏玉米轮作,供试土壤为砂质潮土,设置6个施磷(P2O5)水平(0、45、90、135、180、225 kg/hm^(2)),依次表示为P0、P45、P90、P135、P180、P225。在2020年(试验的第12年)测定作物产量、作物吸磷量、土壤有效磷含量,分析了周年产量和土壤有效磷演变特征、作物有效磷农学阈值、土壤有效磷与累积磷盈亏的关系。【结果】施磷显著提高了冬小麦–夏玉米周年产量和作物吸磷量,产量与吸磷量随施磷水平提高先升高后降低。达到最高周年产量(14627 kg/hm^(2))的施磷量为152 kg/hm^(2)。以该最高产量的90%为实际生产目标,适宜施磷量为90 kg/hm^(2)。磷肥利用率随轮作周期延长而提高,12年平均磷素表观利用率和累积利用率变幅分别为36.98%~98.10%和26.26%~71.85%。周年施磷量超过90 kg/hm^(2)时,施磷对作物吸磷量影响不显著,且磷肥表观利用率、累积利用率显著降低。P0~P225处理表观磷盈余12年平均值分别为–11.30、–7.38、0.94、20.05、37.21、57.68 kg/hm^(2);至2020年累积磷盈亏分别为–144.92、–88.57、11.33、240.56、446.48、692.15 kg/hm^(2)。砂质潮土有效磷含量随累积磷盈余量的变化呈现两段线性关系,拐点出现在土壤累积磷盈余量P 218.81 kg/hm^(2)。低于此值时,土壤每盈余P 100 kg/hm^(2),有效磷含量上升0.48 mg/kg;当土壤累积磷盈余高于此值时,土壤每盈余P 100 kg/hm^(2),有效磷含量上升3.37 mg/kg。冬小麦、夏玉米有效磷农学阈值分别为10.20、5.93 mg/kg,施磷量为90 kg/hm^(2)时,冬小麦、夏玉米季土壤有效磷含量最接近农学阈值。【结论】在作物秸秆还田条件下,砂质潮土冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系周年施磷量为90 kg/hm^(2),可以兼顾冬小麦–夏玉米轮作周年对磷素的需求,维持土壤磷素的表观平衡,在保证产量的前提下实现磷素平衡和磷肥高效施用。砂质潮土磷的储存阈值为218.81 kg/hm^(2),当土壤磷累积量低于该阈值时,施磷提高土壤有效磷含量的效果较低;而当磷累积量高于该阈值时,施磷可显著提升土壤磷的有效性。

基于玉米叶片光谱特征的土壤无机氮含量估算模型的建立与验证

【目的】作物叶片颜色反映土壤养分的供应状况。研究作物叶片氮素相关的特征光谱信息与土壤无机氮含量的关系,以建立基于叶片光谱信息的土壤无机氮含量诊断模型,实现利用高光谱技术对作物和土壤进行实时监测。【方法】在两年(2017—2018)的玉米(郑单958)田间试验中,设置6个施氮水平,施氮量分别为0、60、120、180、240、300 kg/hm^2。在玉米的拔节期、大喇叭口期、开花吐丝期、灌浆期测定叶片高光谱反射率,对植株和土壤样品进行采集,分析土壤无机氮含量的变化,明确叶片光谱反射率与土壤无机氮含量的关系,利用光谱参数和偏最小二乘回归法(partial least squares regression,PLSR)建立诊断模型并进行模型精度的评价。【结果】施氮处理土壤无机氮含量显著高于不施氮处理,随着生育期的推移,土壤无机氮含量呈递减趋势,追肥可显著提高土壤无机氮含量。拔节期和开花吐丝期叶片光谱反射率与土壤无机氮含量在可见光波段呈负相关关系,在近红外波段呈正相关关系;大喇叭口期两者在可见光波段呈负相关关系,灌浆期两者无明显相关关系。在光谱参数模型中,4个生育期土壤无机氮含量预测的最佳光谱指数分别为RVI-2、RSI(534,726)、RSI(567,519)和RVI-2,其回归模型验证集的R^2分别为0.642、0.749、0.696、0.540。在PLSR预测模型中,利用PLSR建立的诊断模型验证集的R2分别为0.876、0.838、0.765、0.595,RPD(ratio of percent deviation)分别为2.140、2.077、2.002、1.369。【结论】基于叶片光谱反射率建立的PLSR估算模型,在玉米的拔节期、大喇叭口期、开花吐丝期均能很好地预测土壤无机氮含量。因此,利用叶片光谱特征诊断土壤无机氮含量具有一定的可行性。

Optimizing Parameters of CSM-CERES-Maize Model to Improve Simulation Performance of Maize Growth and Nitrogen Uptake in Northeast China

Crop models can be useful tools ibr optimizing fertilizer management for a targeted crop yield while minimizing nutrient losses. In this paper, the parameters of the decision support system for agrotechnology transfer （DSSAT）-CERES-Maize were optimized using a new method to provide a better simulation of maize （Zea mays L.） growth and N upfake in response to different nitrogen application rates. Field data were collected from a 5 yr field experiment （2006-2010） on a Black soil （Typic hapludoll） in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, Northeast China. After cultivar calibration, the CERES-Maize model was able to simulate aboveground biomass and crop yield of in the evaluation data set （n-RMSE=5.0-14.6%）, but the model still over-estimated aboveground N uptake （i.e., with E values from -4.4 to -21.3 kg N ha-~）. By analyzing DSSAT equation, N stress coefficient for changes in concentration with growth stage （CTCNP2） is related to N uptake. Further sensitivity analysis of the CTCNP2 showed that the DSSAT model simulated maize nitrogen uptake more precisely after the CTCNP2 coefficient was adjusted to the field site condition. The results indicated that in addition to calibrating 6 coefficients of maize cultivars, radiation use efficiency （RUE）, growing degree days for emergence （GDDE）, N stress coefficient, CTCNP2, and soil fertility factor （SLPF） also need to be calibrated in order to simulate aboveground biomass, yield and N uptake correctly. Independent validation was conducted using 2008-2010 experiments and the good agreement between the simulated and the measured results indicates that the DSSAT CERES-Maize model could be a useful tool for predicting maize production in Northeast China.

Spatial Variability of Soil Chemical Properties in the Reclaiming Marine Foreland to Yellow Sea of China

Precise information about the spatial variability of soil properties is essential in developing site-specific soil management, such as variable rate application of fertilizers. In this study the sampling grid of 100 m × 100 m was established to collect 1 703 soil samples at the depth of 0-20 cm, and examine spatial patterns including 13 soil chemical properties （pH, OM, NH4^＋, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn） in a 1 760 ha rice field in Haifeng farm, China, from 6th to 22nd of April, 2006, before fertilizer application and planting. Soil analysis was performed by ASI （Agro Services International） and data were analyzed both statistically and geostatistically. Results showed that the contents of soil OM, NH4^＋, and Zn in Haifeng farm were very low for rice production and those of others were enough to meet the need for rice cultivation. The spatial distribution model and spatial dependence level for 13 soil chemical properties varied in the field. Soil Mg and B showed strong spatial variability on both descriptive statistics and geostatistics, and other properties showed moderate spatial variability. The maximum ranges for K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu and Mn were all - 3 990.6 m and the minimum ranges for soil pH, OM, NH4^＋, P, Fe, and Zn ranged from 516.7 to 1 166.2 m. Clear patchy distribution of N, P, K, Mg, S, B, Mn, and Zn were found from their spatial distribution maps. This proved that sampling strategy for estimating variability should be adapted to the different soil chemical properties and field management. Therefore, the spatial variability of soil chemical properties with strong spatial dependence could be readily managed and a site-specific fertilization scheme for precision farming could be easily developed.

Modeling Soil Organic Matter Dynamics Under Intensive Cropping Systems on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

A modified CQESTR model, a simple yet useful model frequently used for estimating carbon sequestration in agricultural soils, was developed and applied to evaluate the effects of intensive cropping on soil organic matter （SOM） dynamics and mineralization as well as to estimate carbon dioxide emission from agricultural soils at seven sites on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China. The model was modified using site-specific parameters from short- and mid-term buried organic material experiments at four stages of biomass decomposition. The predicted SOM results were validated using independent data from seven long-term （10- to 20-year） soil fertility experiments in this region. Regression analysis on 1 151 pairs of predicted and measured SOM data had an r2 of 0.91 （P≤0.01）. Therefore, the modified model was able to predict the mineralization of crop residues, organic amendments, and native SOM. Linear regression also showed that SOM mineralization rate （MR） in the plow layer increased by 0.22% when annual crop yield increased by 1 t ha^-1 （P ≤ 0.01）, suggesting an improvement in SOM quality. Apparently, not only did the annual soil respiration efftux merely reflect the intensity of soil organism and plant metabolism, but also the SOM MR in the plow layer. These results suggested that the modified model was simple yet valuable in predicting SOM trends at a single agricultural field and could be a powerful tool for estimating C-storage potential and reconstructing C storage on the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China.

Effects of long-term full straw return on yield and potassium response in wheat-maize rotation

The effect of long-term straw return on crop yield, soil potassium（K） content, soil organic matter, and crop response to K from both straw and chemical K fertilizer（K_2SO_4） were investigated in a fixed site field experiment for winter wheat-summer maize rotation in 6 years for 12 seasons. The field experiment was located in northern part of North China Plain with a sandy soil in relatively low yield potential. Two factors, straw return and chemical K fertilizer, were studied with two levels in each factor. Field split design was employed, with two straw treatments, full straw return of previous crop（St） and no straw return, in main plots, and two chemical K fertilizer treatments, 0 and 60 kg K2 O ha^（–1）, as sub-plots. The results showed that straw return significantly increased yields of winter wheat and summer maize by 16.5 and 13.2% in average, respectively, and the positive effect of straw return to crop yield showed more effective in lower yield season. Straw return significantly increased K absorption by the crops, with significant increase in straw part. In treatment with straw return, the K content in crop straw increased by 15.9 and 21.8% in wheat and maize, respectively, compared with no straw return treatment. But, straw return had little effect on K content in grain of the crops. Straw return had significant influences on total K uptake by wheat and maize plants, with an increase of 32.7 and 30.9%, respectively. There was a significant correlation between crop yield and K uptake by the plant. To produce 100 kg grain, the wheat and maize plants absorbed 3.26 and 2.24 kg K2 O, respectively. The contents of soil available K and soil organic matter were significantly affected by the straw return with an increase of 6.07 and 23.0%, respectively, compared to no straw return treatment. K_2SO_4 application in rate of 60 kg K2 O ha^（–1） showed no significant effect on wheat and maize yield, K content in crop straw, total K uptake by the crops, soil available K content, and soil organic matter. The apparent K utilization rate（percentage of applied K absorbed by the crop in the season） showed difference for wheat and maize with different K sources. In wheat season, the K utilization rate from K_2SO_4 was higher than that from straw, while in maize season, the K utilization rate from straw was higher than that from chemical fertilizer. In the whole wheat-maize rotation system, the K absorption efficiency by the two crops from straw was higher than that from K_2SO_4.

Specific Expression of a Novel Nodulin GmN479 Gene in the Infected Cells of Soybean (Glycine max) Nodules

A novel nodulin gene, GmN479 genomic clone composing of 3 630 nucleotides was isolated from mature soybean nodules using GmN479 cDNA as a probe by subtractive hybridization procedure. GmN479 encodes 170 amino acids with 2.09 kb nucleotides promoter region, and contains two important upstream promoter elements, one is a conserved cis-acting sequence motif 5′-AAAGAT-3′ controlling nodulin gene expression, and the other is typical CAAT boxes. GmN479 gene has a single zinc-finger C2H2 domain YSCAFCQRGFSNAQALLGGHMNIH and a conserved motif, QALGGHMN in the zinc-finger with a short leucine repeat in the LDLELRLGL motif closed to C-terminal. These two conserved motifs share respectively higher identity with those in the floral regulator SUPERMAN gene, indicating that GmN479 may function as a transcriptional regulator, and is a likely candidate for playing a role in nodule-morphogenesis. Blotting data showed that GmN479 is a single copy presenting in the genome of soybean nodule, and its expression profile is similar to that of Lb-a, but it is different from that of ENOD2. GUS staining showed that GmN479 promoter just functions in the infected cells of nodules, indicating that the GmN479 is one of the truly symbiotically induced host genes, and belongs to a late nodulin gene. The expression pattern of GmN479 gene seems to imply that it may be closely related to the development of the nodule. In a sense, it may be a useful marker for identifying the development of the infected cell system in the nodules of soybean.

Hyper-spectral characteristics and classification of farmland soil in northeast of China

The physical and chemical heterogeneities of soils make the soil spectral different and complicated, and it is valuable to increase the accuracy of prediction models for soil organic matter（SOM） based on pre-classification. This experiment was conducted under a controllable environment, and different soil samples from northeast of China were measured using ASD2500 hyperspectral instrument. The results showed that there are different reflectances in different soil types. There are statistically significant correlation between SOM and reflectence at 0.05 and 0.01 levels in 550–850 nm, and all soil types get significant at 0.01 level in 650–750 nm. The results indicated that soil types of the northeast can be divided into three categories： The first category shows relatively flat and low reflectance in the entire band; the second shows that the spectral reflectance curve raises fastest in 460–610 nm band, the sharp increase in the slope, but uneven slope changes; the third category slowly uplifts in the visible band, and its slope in the visible band is obviously higher than the first category. Except for the classification by curve shapes of reflectance, principal component analysis is one more effective method to classify soil types. The first principal component includes 62.13–97.19% of spectral information and it mainly relates to the information in 560–600, 630–690 and 690–760 nm. The second mainly represents spectral information in 1 640–1 740, 2 050–2 120 and 2 200–2 300 nm. The samples with high OM are often in the left, and the others with low OM are in the right of the scatter plot（the first principal component is the horizontal axis and the second is the longitudinal axis）. Soil types in northeast of China can be classified effectively by those two principles; it is also a valuable reference to other soil in other areas.

不同玉米品种氮胁迫响应及诊断参数确定

本研究以两个不同玉米品种(冀玉5817和郑单958)为研究对象,同步获取其关键功能叶片(玉米生育前期为最上部完全展开叶、吐丝后为穗位叶)氮含量和光谱反射率,分析不同施氮水平下两个品种关键功能叶片氮含量的响应特征和产量反应。研究表明,不同品种在整个生育期的叶片氮含量的变化整体趋势一致,两个玉米品种最优氮处理均为180 kg/hm^(2),冀玉5817氮含量在成熟期之前普遍高于郑单958,两个品种对不同氮处理响应有所差异。本研究建立基于优化处理的氮素丰缺诊断指标,即氮胁迫指数(NSI)和氮胁迫光谱指数(NSSI)。基于光谱参数NVI(570,670)构建的NSSI对缺氮响应比较敏感,并且对两个品种均适用。该方法及其构建的参数通过与同条件下优化处理进行比较,避免了氮素营养的光谱诊断受品种和生育期的影响,并且光谱参数可实时、快速和无损地获取,为玉米生育期内氮肥的优化调控提供了依据。