Virulence Types of Magnaporthe oryzae to Hybrid Rice in Sichuan,China

A total of 638 isolates of rice blast （Magnaporthe oryzae） were isolated in 2002-2009 from different rice varieties in different regions of Sichuan, China and inoculated onto seven rice varieties （Lijiangxintuanheigu, IR24, Minghui 63, Duohui 1, Chenghui 448, Neihui 99-14 and RHR-1） to differentiate the virulence types of the fungus and trace the changes. The virulence to the seven varieties was respectively scored at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64. The total scores of individual M. grisea isolates which were the sum of scores infecting differential varieties could, in turn, be used for the nomenclature of the virulence types due to their accordance to the special virulence patterns. The 638 tested isolates were then differentiated into 56 different virulence types. Type 15 virulent to Lijiangxintuanheigu, IR24 and Minghui 63, and Type 127 virulent to all of the seven varieties were the most dominant virulence types respectively with the occurrence frequencies of 15.99% and 15.83%. Type 19 and other seven virulence types were not monitored during 2002-2009. Type 15 was the predominant virulence type in 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2007, whereas Type 127 had been the most dominant virulence type after 2005 except for the year 2007 when the province underwent severe drought. Five hundred and seven out of the 638 tested isolates were virulent to Minghui 63, and 89.58% of the 384 isolates virulent to either Duohui 1, Chenghui 448 or Neihui 99-14 were virulent to Minghui 63, which indicated the impact of the extensive plantation of hybrid rice Minghui 63 as the restorer line on the virulence evolution of M. oryzae in Sichuan. The virulence pattern of the dominant virulence types suggested that the acquiring of virulence to all the major resistant restorer lines was the main routes of the evolution in virulence of M. oryzae to hybrid rice in Sichuan. The virulence frequencies of the 638 tested isolates to IR24, Minghui 63, Duohui 1, Chenghui 448, Neihui 99-14 and RHR-1 were respectively 74.6%, 79.5%, 73.8%, 37.0%, 39.0% and 40.4%. The analysis for the sources of the different virulence type isolates indicated the pathogen on the newly released resistant varieties were stronger than conventional rice varieties which had become susceptible in the field since 1980s.

2016年石河子垦区蟠桃品质形成的气象条件分析

为提高蟠桃品质,以石河子垦区“英勒尔”蟠桃为试验材料,对其生长情况和气象条件进行了分析。结果表明:2016年,蟠桃越冬期无明显冻害,开花期的气象条件有利于开花授粉,坐果率高;果实膨大期气温偏高、降水偏多,导致部分蟠桃出现裂果现象;果实着色期温差较大、光照充足,气象条件有利于果实着色和糖分转化;果实成熟期天气晴好,有利于蟠桃采收。总体来说,2016年石河子垦区蟠桃生育期内气温适宜、降水偏多、日照充足,对蟠桃产量和品质形成过程有利。

350MW间接空冷热电联产机组最佳背压运行实践及碳减排量分析

以涿州热电2×350MW间接空冷供热机组为例,对1号机组,2号机组循环水泵运行方式进行优化,实现机组全工况最佳真空运行,供暖期,机组真空度增加,循环水泵耗电率降低。建立凝汽器的热力学模型与汽轮机背压变工况计算模型、多台循环水泵变频率运行计算模型,得出不同凝汽器水侧入口温度下,机组最佳经济背压,以及达到最佳经济背压时,变频循环水泵频率及组合方式。并应用DCS系统实现循环水泵实时自动控制。比较循化水泵运行优化前后供暖期机组的真空度及循环水泵耗电率;分析机组最佳背压运行的碳减排量。结果表明:对于间接空冷机组,通过变频循环水泵调节可实现机组全工况最佳背压运行,相比循环泵工频运行方式,在非供暖期的节能效果更为明显。

葶苈大枣泻肺汤通过Caspase-1诱导A549细胞焦亡与凋亡的机制

目的:探讨葶苈大枣泻肺汤诱导A549细胞焦亡和凋亡的机制。方法:将A549细胞随机分为空白组、葶苈大枣泻肺汤低、中、高质量浓度组(中药低、中、高质量浓度组),中药低、中、高质量浓度组分别以葶苈大枣泻肺汤20、40、60 mg·L^(-1)处理,空白组以等体积培养液处理。药物作用48 h后,划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-1(Caspase-1)、NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)、消皮素D(GSDMD)、细胞凋亡抑制因子(Survivin)蛋白及核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)通路蛋白相对表达量,DCFH-DA荧光探针法检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平,酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)检测细胞上清液肿瘤坏死因子-β(TNF-β)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)含量。结果:与空白组比较,中药低、中、高质量浓度组细胞划痕愈合率明显降低,细胞凋亡率明显增加,Survivin蛋白相对表达量明显降低,Caspase-1、GSDMD、NLRP3相对表达量明显增加,ROS和NF-κB磷酸化水平明显上升,细胞上清液TNF-β和IL-1β含量明显增加(P<0.05);与中药低质量浓度组比较,中药中、高质量浓度组细胞划痕愈合率明显降低,细胞凋亡率明显增加,Survivin蛋白相对表达量明显降低,Caspase-1、GSDMD、NLRP3相对表达量明显增加,ROS和NF-κB磷酸化水平明显上升,细胞上清液TNF-β和IL-1β含量明显增加(P<0.05);与中药中质量浓度组比较,中药高质量浓度组细胞划痕愈合率明显降低,细胞凋亡率明显增加,Survivin蛋白相对表达量明显降低,Caspase-1、GSDMD、NLRP3相对表达量明显增加,ROS和NF-κB磷酸化水平明显上升,细胞上清液TNF-β和IL-1β含量明显增加(P<0.05)。结论:葶苈大枣泻肺汤可提高NLRP3蛋白表达,抑制Survivin蛋白表达,促进A549细胞凋亡;同时,可激活NF-κB通路和ROS系统,上调细胞焦亡因子Caspase-1,GSDMD的表达,介导A549细胞焦亡。