Organic rich laminated shale is one type of favorable reservoirs for exploration and development of continental shale oil in China.However,with limited geological data,it is difficult to predict the spatial distributi...Organic rich laminated shale is one type of favorable reservoirs for exploration and development of continental shale oil in China.However,with limited geological data,it is difficult to predict the spatial distribution of laminated shale with great vertical heterogeneity.To solve this problem,taking Chang 73 sub-member in Yanchang Formation of Ordos Basin as an example,an idea of predicting lamina combinations by combining'conventional log data-mineral composition prediction-lamina combination type identification'has been worked out based on machine learning under supervision on the premise of adequate knowledge of characteristics of lamina mineral components.First,the main mineral components of the work area were figured out by analyzing core data,and the log data sensitive to changes of the mineral components was extracted;then machine learning was used to construct the mapping relationship between the two;based on the variations in mineral composition,the lamina combination types in typical wells of the research area were identified to verify the method.The results show the approach of'conventional log data-mineral composition prediction-lamina combination type identification'works well in identifying the types of shale lamina combinations.The approach was applied to Chang 73 sub-member in Yanchang Formation of Ordos Basin to find out planar distribution characteristics of the laminae.展开更多
Ti–Cu–N films were deposited on 316 L stainless steel substrates by magnetic field-enhanced arc ion plating.The effect of substrate pulse bias duty cycle on the chemical composition,microstructure,surface morphology...Ti–Cu–N films were deposited on 316 L stainless steel substrates by magnetic field-enhanced arc ion plating.The effect of substrate pulse bias duty cycle on the chemical composition,microstructure,surface morphology,mechanical and tribological properties of the films was systemically investigated.The results showed that,with increasing the duty cycle,Cu content decreases from 3.3 to 0.58 at.%.XRD results showed that only Ti N phase is observed for all the deposited films and the preferred orientation transformed from Ti N（200） to Ti N（111） plane with the increase in duty cycle.The surface roughness and deposition rate showed monotonous decrease with increasing the duty cycle.The residual stress and hardness firstly increase and then decrease afterwards with the increase in duty cycle,while the variation of critical load shows reverse trend.Except for the film with duty cycle of 10%,others perform the better wear resistance.展开更多
TiN films were deposited on stainless steel substrates by arc ion plating. The influence of an axial magnetic field was examined with regard to the microstructure, chemical elemental composition, mechanical properties...TiN films were deposited on stainless steel substrates by arc ion plating. The influence of an axial magnetic field was examined with regard to the microstructure, chemical elemental composition, mechanical properties and wear resistance of the films. The results showed that the magnetic field puts much effect on the preferred orientation, chemical composition, hardness and wear resistance of TiN films. The preferred orientation of the TiN films changed from（111） to（220） and finally to the coexistence of（111） and（220） texture with the increase in the applied magnetic field intensity. The concentration of N atoms in the TiN films increases with the magnetic field intensity, and the concentration of Ti atoms shows an opposite trend. At first, the hardness and elastic modulus of the TiN films increase and reach a maximum value at 5 m T and then decrease with the further increase in the magnetic field intensity. The high hardness was related to the N/Ti atomic ratio and to a well-pronounced preferred orientation of the（111） planes in the crystallites of the film parallel to the substrate surface. The wear resistance of the Ti N films was significantly improved with the application of the magnetic field, and the lowest wear rate was obtained at magnetic field intensity of 5 m T. Moreover, the wear resistance of the films was related to the hardness H and the H3/E＊2 ratio in the manner that a higher H3/E＊2 ratio was conducive to the enhancement of the wear resistance.展开更多
CrN films were deposited on the high-speed-steel substrates by arc ion plating. The effect of an axial magnetic field on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The chemical composition, microst...CrN films were deposited on the high-speed-steel substrates by arc ion plating. The effect of an axial magnetic field on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The chemical composition, microstructure, surface morphology, surface roughness, hardness and film/substrate adhesion of the film were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope（SEM）, surface morphology analyzer, Vickers microhardness test and scratch test. The results showed that the magnetic field puts much effect on the microstructure,chemical composition, hardness and film/substrate adhesion of the Cr N films. The N content increases and Cr content decreases when the magnetic flux density increases from 0 to 30 m T. All of the Cr N films were found to be substoichiometric. With an increase in the magnetic flux density, the film structures change in such way： Cr_2N →Cr_（2-N）＋CrN→CrN＋Cr_2N→CrN.The SEM results showed that the number of macroparticles（MPs） on the film surface is significantly reduced when the magnetic flux density increases to 10 mT or higher. The surface roughness decreases with the magnetic field, which is attributed to the fewer MPs and sputtered craters on the film surface. The hardness value increases from 2074 HV_（0.025） at 0 mT（without magnetic field） and reaches a maximum value of 2509 HV_（0.025） at 10 m T.The further increase in the magnetic flux density leads to a decrease in the film hardness. The critical load of film/substrate adhesion shows a monotonous increase with the increase in magnetic flux density.展开更多
This paper reports TiC–（Ni–Cr） metal ceramic alloy（ratio of components 50：50） with nanoscaled components formed in the surface layer and smoothly transformed into the initial inner structure throughout the mate...This paper reports TiC–（Ni–Cr） metal ceramic alloy（ratio of components 50：50） with nanoscaled components formed in the surface layer and smoothly transformed into the initial inner structure throughout the material under pulsed electron irradiation of the alloy surface. Principal changes in the surface layer are ascribed to the formation of gradient structure leading to the increase in wear resistance of the surface layer, drop of friction coefficient and improvement of specimen bending resistance when stressing on the irradiated surface side. The above changes of tribological and strength properties in the surface layer under pulsed electron irradiation become more apparent with increasing atomic mass of a plasma-forming inert gas.展开更多
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U1762217,42072161)。
文摘Organic rich laminated shale is one type of favorable reservoirs for exploration and development of continental shale oil in China.However,with limited geological data,it is difficult to predict the spatial distribution of laminated shale with great vertical heterogeneity.To solve this problem,taking Chang 73 sub-member in Yanchang Formation of Ordos Basin as an example,an idea of predicting lamina combinations by combining'conventional log data-mineral composition prediction-lamina combination type identification'has been worked out based on machine learning under supervision on the premise of adequate knowledge of characteristics of lamina mineral components.First,the main mineral components of the work area were figured out by analyzing core data,and the log data sensitive to changes of the mineral components was extracted;then machine learning was used to construct the mapping relationship between the two;based on the variations in mineral composition,the lamina combination types in typical wells of the research area were identified to verify the method.The results show the approach of'conventional log data-mineral composition prediction-lamina combination type identification'works well in identifying the types of shale lamina combinations.The approach was applied to Chang 73 sub-member in Yanchang Formation of Ordos Basin to find out planar distribution characteristics of the laminae.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51401128)Shenzhen Science and Technology Project(No.JCYJ20140508155916426)
文摘Ti–Cu–N films were deposited on 316 L stainless steel substrates by magnetic field-enhanced arc ion plating.The effect of substrate pulse bias duty cycle on the chemical composition,microstructure,surface morphology,mechanical and tribological properties of the films was systemically investigated.The results showed that,with increasing the duty cycle,Cu content decreases from 3.3 to 0.58 at.%.XRD results showed that only Ti N phase is observed for all the deposited films and the preferred orientation transformed from Ti N（200） to Ti N（111） plane with the increase in duty cycle.The surface roughness and deposition rate showed monotonous decrease with increasing the duty cycle.The residual stress and hardness firstly increase and then decrease afterwards with the increase in duty cycle,while the variation of critical load shows reverse trend.Except for the film with duty cycle of 10%,others perform the better wear resistance.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51171197)
文摘TiN films were deposited on stainless steel substrates by arc ion plating. The influence of an axial magnetic field was examined with regard to the microstructure, chemical elemental composition, mechanical properties and wear resistance of the films. The results showed that the magnetic field puts much effect on the preferred orientation, chemical composition, hardness and wear resistance of TiN films. The preferred orientation of the TiN films changed from（111） to（220） and finally to the coexistence of（111） and（220） texture with the increase in the applied magnetic field intensity. The concentration of N atoms in the TiN films increases with the magnetic field intensity, and the concentration of Ti atoms shows an opposite trend. At first, the hardness and elastic modulus of the TiN films increase and reach a maximum value at 5 m T and then decrease with the further increase in the magnetic field intensity. The high hardness was related to the N/Ti atomic ratio and to a well-pronounced preferred orientation of the（111） planes in the crystallites of the film parallel to the substrate surface. The wear resistance of the Ti N films was significantly improved with the application of the magnetic field, and the lowest wear rate was obtained at magnetic field intensity of 5 m T. Moreover, the wear resistance of the films was related to the hardness H and the H3/E＊2 ratio in the manner that a higher H3/E＊2 ratio was conducive to the enhancement of the wear resistance.
基金supported by Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion, and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology)Ministry of Education (Grant No. LABKF1405)
文摘CrN films were deposited on the high-speed-steel substrates by arc ion plating. The effect of an axial magnetic field on the microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The chemical composition, microstructure, surface morphology, surface roughness, hardness and film/substrate adhesion of the film were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope（SEM）, surface morphology analyzer, Vickers microhardness test and scratch test. The results showed that the magnetic field puts much effect on the microstructure,chemical composition, hardness and film/substrate adhesion of the Cr N films. The N content increases and Cr content decreases when the magnetic flux density increases from 0 to 30 m T. All of the Cr N films were found to be substoichiometric. With an increase in the magnetic flux density, the film structures change in such way： Cr_2N →Cr_（2-N）＋CrN→CrN＋Cr_2N→CrN.The SEM results showed that the number of macroparticles（MPs） on the film surface is significantly reduced when the magnetic flux density increases to 10 mT or higher. The surface roughness decreases with the magnetic field, which is attributed to the fewer MPs and sputtered craters on the film surface. The hardness value increases from 2074 HV_（0.025） at 0 mT（without magnetic field） and reaches a maximum value of 2509 HV_（0.025） at 10 m T.The further increase in the magnetic flux density leads to a decrease in the film hardness. The critical load of film/substrate adhesion shows a monotonous increase with the increase in magnetic flux density.
文摘This paper reports TiC–（Ni–Cr） metal ceramic alloy（ratio of components 50：50） with nanoscaled components formed in the surface layer and smoothly transformed into the initial inner structure throughout the material under pulsed electron irradiation of the alloy surface. Principal changes in the surface layer are ascribed to the formation of gradient structure leading to the increase in wear resistance of the surface layer, drop of friction coefficient and improvement of specimen bending resistance when stressing on the irradiated surface side. The above changes of tribological and strength properties in the surface layer under pulsed electron irradiation become more apparent with increasing atomic mass of a plasma-forming inert gas.
