Effect of Danzhi decoction on expression of angiogenesis factors in patients with sequelae of pelvic inflammatory disease

Objective:To investigate the efteets of traditional Chinese medicine.Danzhi decoction,on the expression angiogenesis factors in human endometrial cells during the sequelae of pelvic inflammatoty disease(SPID) and explore the role of Danzhi decction in improving the blood stasis microenvironment of SPID.Methods:A three-dimensional(3D) co—culture system including human vascular endothelial cells(VECs),endometrial stromal cells and glandular epithelial cells was established in vitro and treated with Danzhi decoction,sterilized water and aspirin respectively.A Milliplex multifunctional liquid chip technique was used to measure the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)—A/C/D,fibroblast growth factor-1/2.angiopoietin-2.epidermal growth factor(EGF) HB-EGF,bone morphogenetic protein-9.endoglin.endothehn-l.granulocyte colony stimulating factor,hepatocyte growth factor,interleukin-8,follistatin.placenta growth factor and leptin.The location of angiogenesis factors was monitored by immunofluorescence labeling and confocal laser scanning microscope3 D reconstruction.Results:Endometrial stromal cells and glandular epithelial cells were isolated and primary cultured for establishing a 3D co-culture system.The levels of VEGF—A/C/D in Danzhi decoction group and aspirin group were significantly lower than those in mock group(P<0.05).while there was no significant difference between Danzhi decoction group and aspirin group(P>0.05).Furthermore,the alterative location of VEGF—A/C/D was observed in the cytoplasm of endometrial glandular epithelial cells.Conclusions:Danzhi decoction mav inhibit the expression of VEGF in the blood stasis microenvironment of SPID by targeting the cytoplasm of endometrial glandular epithelial cell.

Ubiquitination modification:critical regulation of IRF family stability and activity

Interferon regulatory factors(IRFs)play pivotal and critical roles in innate and adaptive immune responses;thus,precise and stringent regulation of the stability and activation of IRFs in physiological processes is necessary.The stability and activities of IRFs are directly or indirectly targeted by endogenous and exogenous proteins in an ubiquitin-dependent manner.However,few reviews have summarized how host E3 ligases/DUBs or viral proteins regulate IRF stability and activity.Additionally,with recent technological developments,details about the ubiquitination of IRFs have been continuously revealed.As knowledge of how these proteins function and interact with IRFs may facilitate a better understanding of the regulation of IRFs in immune responses or other biological processes,we summarized current studies on the direct ubiquitination of IRFs,with an emphasis on how these proteins interact with IRFs and affect their activities,which may provide exciting targets for drug development by regulating the functions of specific E3 ligases.