Preparation and promising optoelectronic applications of lead halide perovskite patterned structures:A review

Lead halide perovskites have received considerable attention from researchers over the past several years due to their superior optical and optoelectronic properties,because of which they can be a versatile platform for fundamental science research and applications.Patterned structures based on lead halide perovskites have much more novel properties compared with their more commonly seen bulk-,micro-,and nano-crystals,such as improvement in antireflection,light-scattering effects,and light absorption,as a result of their adjustability of spatial distributions.However,there are many challenges yet to be resolved in this field,such as insufficient patterned resolution,imperfect crystal quality,complicated preparation process,and so on.To pave the way to solve these problems,we provide a systematic presentation of current methods for fabricating lead halide perovskite patterned structures,including thermal imprint,use of etching films,two-step vapor-phase growth,template-confined solution growth,and seed-assisted growth.Furthermore,the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are elaborated in detail.In addition,thanks to the extraordinary properties of lead halide perovskite patterned structures,a variety of potential applications in optics and optoelectronics of these structures are described.Lastly,we put forward existing challenges and prospects in this exciting field.

MMP1 Is a Prognostic-Related Biomarker and Correlated with Immune Infiltration in Breast Cancer

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases 1 (MMP1) plays a role in cancer development and metastasis and high expression of MMP1 has been confirmed in various types of cancers. However, the correlation between MMP1 and prognosis and tumor-infiltration lymphocytes in breast cancer remains uncertain. In this present study, we analyzed MMP1 expression and correlation with prognosis of cancer patients in databases such as Oncomine, PrognoScan, and Kaplan-Meier plotter. In addition, we investigated the correlation of MMP1 with tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the different tumor microenvironments via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER). Methods: MMP1 expression was analyzed via the Oncomine database and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) site. The prognosis of MMP1 on cancers was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier plotter, the PrognoScan database and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). The correlations between MMP1 and cancer immune infiltration were investigated by TIMER. In addition, correlations betweenMMP1 expression and gene marker sets of immune infiltration were analyzed by TIMER and GEPIA. Results: MMP1 is highly expressed in most cancers and correlated to poor prognosis. MMP1 expression is significantly linked with a poorer prognosis in breast cancer (OS HR 1.78, 95% CI = 1.59 - 1.98, P −0.134, P = 2.17e-05), macrophage (R = 0.41, P = 1.11e-08), dendritic cell (R = 0.221, P = 2.92e-03) and NK cell (R = 0.213, P = 4.15e-03). Besides, MMP1 expression is significantly associated with the marker genes of immune cells (P Conclusions: Our study indicates that MMP1 is correlated with prognosis and immune infiltrating levels of CD8+ T cell, CD8+ T cell, macrophage, dendritic cell and NK cells in breast cancer. Besides, MMP1 expression potentially contributes to regulation of T cell, B cell, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), DCs, T cell exhaustion and Tregs in colon and gastric cancer. The results indicate that MMP1 can be used as a prognostic biomarker for determining prognosis and immune infiltration in breast cancer.

Carbon-nanoparticle-assisted growth of high quality bilayer WS2 by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition

Two-dimensional(2D)WS2 offers great prospects for assembling next-generation optoelectronic and electronic devices due to its thickness-dependent optical and electronic properties.However,layer-number-controlled growth of WS2 is still a challenge up to now.This work presents controlled growth of bilayer WS2 triangular flakes by carbon-nanoparticle-assisted chemical vapor deposition(CVD)process.The growth mechanism is also proposed.In addition,the field effect transistors(FETs)based on monolayer and bilayer WS2 are also fabricated and investigated.The bilayer FET displays a mobility of 34 cm2·V^-1·s^-1,much higher than that of the monolayer FET.The high figures of merit make bilayer WS2 a promising candidate in high-performance electronics and optoelectronics.