The protein phosphatase qGL3/OsPPKL1 selfregulates its degradation to orchestrate brassinosteroid signaling in rice

Brassinosteroids(BRs)are a class of phytohormones that regulate plant growth and development.In previous studies,we cloned and identified PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE WITH KELCH-LIKE1(OsPPKL1)as the causal gene for the quantitative trait locus GRAIN LENGTH3(qGL3)in rice(Oryza sativa).We also showed that qGL3/OsPPKL1 is mainly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus and negatively regulates BR signaling and grain length.Because qGL3 is a negative regulator of BR signaling,its turnover is critical for rapid response to changes in BRs.Here,we demonstrate that qGL3 interacts with the WD40-domain-containing protein WD40-REPEAT PROTEIN48(OsWDR48),which contains a nuclear export signal(NES).The NES signal is crucial for the cytosolic localization of OsWDR48 and also functions in the self-turnover of qGL3.We show that OsWDR48 physically interacts with and genetically acts through qGL3 to modulate BR signaling.Moreover,qGL3 may indirectly promote the phosphorylation of OsWDR48 at the Ser-379 and Ser-386 sites.Substitutions of both phosphorylation sites in OsWDR48 to non-phosphorylatable alanine enhanced the strength of the OsWDR48-qGL3 interaction.Furthermore,we found that brassinolide can promote the accumulation of non-phosphorylated OsWDR48,leading to strong interaction intensity between qGL3 and OsWDR48.Taken together,our results show that OsWDR48 facilitates qGL3 retention and induces degradation of qGL3 in the cytoplasm.These findings suggest that qGL3 self-modulates its turnover by binding to OsWDR48 to regulate its cytoplasmic localization and stability,leading to efficient orchestration of BR signal transduction in rice.

3D structural modeling integrated with seismic attribute and petrophysical evaluation for hydrocarbon prospecting at the Dhulian Oilfield,Pakistan

Surface and deep subsurface geological structural trends,stratigraphic features,and reservoir characteristics play important roles in assessment of hydrocarbon potential.Here,an approach that integrates digital elevation modelling,seismic interpretation,seismic attributes,three-dimensional(3D)geological structural modeling predicated on seismic data interpretation,and petrophysical analysis is presented to visualize and analyze reservoir structural trends and determine residual hydrocarbon potential.The digital elevation model is utilized to provide verifiable predictions of the Dhulian surface structure.Seismic interpretation of synthetic seismograms use two-way time and depth contour models to perform a representative 3D reservoir geological structure evaluation.Based on Petrel structural modeling efficiency,reservoir development indexes,such as the true 3D structural trends,slope,geometry type,depth,and possibility of hydrocarbon prospects,were calculated for the Eocene limestone Chorgali,upper Paleocene limestone Lockhart,early Permian arkosic sandstone Warcha,and Precambrian Salt Range formations.Trace envelope,instantaneous frequency,and average energy attribute analyses were utilized to resolve the spatial predictions of the subsurface structure,formation extrusion,and reflector continuity.We evaluated the average porosity,permeability,net to gross ratio,water saturation,and hydrocarbon saturation of early Eocene limestone and upper Paleocene limestone based on the qualitative interpretation of well log data.In summary,this integrated study validates 3D stratigraphic structural trends and fault networks,facilitates the residual hydrocarbon potential estimates,and reveals that the Dhulian area has a NE to SW(fold axis)thrust-bounded salt cored anticline structure,which substantiates the presence of tectonic compression.The thrust faults have fold axes trending from ENE to WSW,and the petrophysical analysis shows that the mapped reservoir is of good quality and has essential hydrocarbon potential,which can be exploited economically.