Objective:To develop a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELJSA） for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1（BHV-1）.Methods:The assay was based on hyperimmune rabbit and guinea pig antisera raised again...Objective:To develop a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELJSA） for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1（BHV-1）.Methods:The assay was based on hyperimmune rabbit and guinea pig antisera raised against purified BHV-1.Polyethylene glycol precipitation and sucrose density gradient methods were adopted for viral concentration and purification.Antisera were raised using Freund’s adjuvant followed by extraction of IgG of high purity.Results: Optimum antisera dilutions as determined by titrations were chosen as 14 000,whereas the conjugate was used at 1:2 000 dilution.Using 95 clinical specimens,the ELISA test showed a sensitivity and specificity of 91.90%and 93.10%,respectively when compared to PCR.The cutoff value was fixed at 0.15<sub>490</sub>) and a P/N ratio of】1.30 indicated a significant positive reaction. Conclusions:The results have demonstrated that this ELISA could efficiently detect BHV-1 and can be used as an important diagnostic tool.展开更多
Silicon(Si)is the second most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and has numerous roles in both soils and plants,although it is inaccessible to plants in its native state(insoluble silicate minerals).This inaccess...Silicon(Si)is the second most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and has numerous roles in both soils and plants,although it is inaccessible to plants in its native state(insoluble silicate minerals).This inaccessibility can lead to insufficiency,which induces anomalies in plant growth and development.Specifically,Si alleviates various biotic and abiotic stresses in plants by enhancing tolerance mechanisms at different stages of uptake/deposition as a monosilicic acid.Exclusive utilization of conventional Si fertilizers to boost agricultural productivity in an attempt to meet the world’s ever-increasing food demand may result in surface and groundwater pollution,waterway eutrophication,soil fertility depletion,and accumulation of hazardous elements such as arsenic in soil.By addressing the drawbacks of chemical fertilizers,this review emphasizes an environmentally friendly alternative,namely,Si-solubilizing microorganisms(SSMs),as bioinoculants to liberate soluble Si and thus making it available to plants.A deep understanding of recent advances in the functional diversity,colonization patterns,modes of action,role in biogeochemical cycling,and plant stress tolerance of SSMs and their implementation in Si-based agrowaste management through the fabrication of nanoparticles,could help to establish a reliable tool for economically and environmentally sustainable agriculture.From this perspective,in this review,we comprehensively summarize the latest methodologies for the isolation,screening,and characterization of SSMs and Si solubilization mechanisms,including ligands(divalent cations),acids(inorganic and organic),alkali(nucleophilic attack),extracellular polysaccharides,and factors affecting them,as well as Si-mediated regulation of gene expression involved in Si uptake,transportation,and mineralization.We have critically revised the role of SSMs according to the current literature.The contributions of SSMs to biofertilization are still being explored;hence,we also discuss trajectories for future research in relation to SSM-mediated increases in bioavailable Si.This will create new strategies to reduce the use of agrochemicals,improve plant health,and help us to globally gravitate towards more sustainable agricultural practices,based on the concept of a circular economy.展开更多
Soil salinity diminishes soil health and reduces crop yield,which is becoming a major global concern.Salinity stress is one of the primary stresses,leading to several other secondary stresses that restrict plant growt...Soil salinity diminishes soil health and reduces crop yield,which is becoming a major global concern.Salinity stress is one of the primary stresses,leading to several other secondary stresses that restrict plant growth and soil fertility.The major secondary stresses induced in plants under saline-alkaline conditions include osmotic stress,nutrient limitation,and ionic stress,all of which negatively impact overall plant growth.Under stressed conditions,certain beneficial soil microflora are known to have evolved phytostimulating mechanisms,such as the synthesis of osmoprotectants,siderophores,1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC)deaminase activity,phosphate solubilization,and hormone production,which enhance plant growth and development while mitigating nutrient stress.Beneficial soil-borne bacterial species such as Bacillus,Pseudomonas,and Klebsiella and fungal strains such as Trichoderma,Aspergillus,Penicillium,Alternaria,and Fusarium also aid in reducing salinity stress.Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms also assist in nutrient acquisition via both enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes.In the case of enzymatic processes,they produce different enzymes such as alkaline phosphatases and phytases,whereas non-enzymatic processes produce organic acids such as gluconic,citric,malic,and oxalic acids.The native halotolerant/halophilic soil microbial gene pool with multifunctional traits and stress-induced gene expression can be developed as suitable bio-inoculants to enhance stress tolerance and optimize plant growth in saline soils.展开更多
文摘Objective:To develop a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELJSA） for the detection of bovine herpesvirus type 1（BHV-1）.Methods:The assay was based on hyperimmune rabbit and guinea pig antisera raised against purified BHV-1.Polyethylene glycol precipitation and sucrose density gradient methods were adopted for viral concentration and purification.Antisera were raised using Freund’s adjuvant followed by extraction of IgG of high purity.Results: Optimum antisera dilutions as determined by titrations were chosen as 14 000,whereas the conjugate was used at 1:2 000 dilution.Using 95 clinical specimens,the ELISA test showed a sensitivity and specificity of 91.90%and 93.10%,respectively when compared to PCR.The cutoff value was fixed at 0.15<sub>490</sub>) and a P/N ratio of】1.30 indicated a significant positive reaction. Conclusions:The results have demonstrated that this ELISA could efficiently detect BHV-1 and can be used as an important diagnostic tool.
文摘Silicon(Si)is the second most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and has numerous roles in both soils and plants,although it is inaccessible to plants in its native state(insoluble silicate minerals).This inaccessibility can lead to insufficiency,which induces anomalies in plant growth and development.Specifically,Si alleviates various biotic and abiotic stresses in plants by enhancing tolerance mechanisms at different stages of uptake/deposition as a monosilicic acid.Exclusive utilization of conventional Si fertilizers to boost agricultural productivity in an attempt to meet the world’s ever-increasing food demand may result in surface and groundwater pollution,waterway eutrophication,soil fertility depletion,and accumulation of hazardous elements such as arsenic in soil.By addressing the drawbacks of chemical fertilizers,this review emphasizes an environmentally friendly alternative,namely,Si-solubilizing microorganisms(SSMs),as bioinoculants to liberate soluble Si and thus making it available to plants.A deep understanding of recent advances in the functional diversity,colonization patterns,modes of action,role in biogeochemical cycling,and plant stress tolerance of SSMs and their implementation in Si-based agrowaste management through the fabrication of nanoparticles,could help to establish a reliable tool for economically and environmentally sustainable agriculture.From this perspective,in this review,we comprehensively summarize the latest methodologies for the isolation,screening,and characterization of SSMs and Si solubilization mechanisms,including ligands(divalent cations),acids(inorganic and organic),alkali(nucleophilic attack),extracellular polysaccharides,and factors affecting them,as well as Si-mediated regulation of gene expression involved in Si uptake,transportation,and mineralization.We have critically revised the role of SSMs according to the current literature.The contributions of SSMs to biofertilization are still being explored;hence,we also discuss trajectories for future research in relation to SSM-mediated increases in bioavailable Si.This will create new strategies to reduce the use of agrochemicals,improve plant health,and help us to globally gravitate towards more sustainable agricultural practices,based on the concept of a circular economy.
文摘Soil salinity diminishes soil health and reduces crop yield,which is becoming a major global concern.Salinity stress is one of the primary stresses,leading to several other secondary stresses that restrict plant growth and soil fertility.The major secondary stresses induced in plants under saline-alkaline conditions include osmotic stress,nutrient limitation,and ionic stress,all of which negatively impact overall plant growth.Under stressed conditions,certain beneficial soil microflora are known to have evolved phytostimulating mechanisms,such as the synthesis of osmoprotectants,siderophores,1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC)deaminase activity,phosphate solubilization,and hormone production,which enhance plant growth and development while mitigating nutrient stress.Beneficial soil-borne bacterial species such as Bacillus,Pseudomonas,and Klebsiella and fungal strains such as Trichoderma,Aspergillus,Penicillium,Alternaria,and Fusarium also aid in reducing salinity stress.Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms also assist in nutrient acquisition via both enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes.In the case of enzymatic processes,they produce different enzymes such as alkaline phosphatases and phytases,whereas non-enzymatic processes produce organic acids such as gluconic,citric,malic,and oxalic acids.The native halotolerant/halophilic soil microbial gene pool with multifunctional traits and stress-induced gene expression can be developed as suitable bio-inoculants to enhance stress tolerance and optimize plant growth in saline soils.
