The aim of this paper is to assess the importance of Water Demand Management (WDM) strategy to the improvement of water supply and sanitation in Nigeria. Persistent water supply shortages and poor sanitation have sinc...The aim of this paper is to assess the importance of Water Demand Management (WDM) strategy to the improvement of water supply and sanitation in Nigeria. Persistent water supply shortages and poor sanitation have since remained important features of the Nigerian urban and rural communities. Most often governmental solution to these problems has been to develop and exploit the available water resources and the level of sanitation for the people. This predominant approach which is also known as augmentation method is supply driven with the primary purpose being how best to meet the perceived water and sanitation demand. One of the major disadvantages of this approach is the huge financial involvement associated with it. Conversely, quite recently water resource managers have begun to direct attention on how consumers can be motivated to regulate the amount and manner in which they use and dispose water to alleviate pressure on freshwater supplies. This new approach is known as water demand management. It is demand driven in that consumers determine their own water need. Employment of WDM by consumers especially in water scarce areas as was discussed in the paper will decrease the amount of water use, thereby limiting unnecessary financial expenditure in exploiting new sources to meet the ever increasing demand.展开更多
The aim of the study was to assess the contributions of rainwater to water supply of Enugu metropolitan area. To achieve this aim 42 years rainfall data (1971-2012) were collected from Enugu airport as well as the cat...The aim of the study was to assess the contributions of rainwater to water supply of Enugu metropolitan area. To achieve this aim 42 years rainfall data (1971-2012) were collected from Enugu airport as well as the catchment area of house roofs in the town from the Ministries of Urban Development and Housing. Meteorological data (Rainfall) obtained were tested for normality, while ANOVA technique tested rainfall variance among four decades (70’s, 80’s, 90’s and 20’s) of the study. Trend and Regression analyses were utilized for the long range data. Finally, augmented Dickey-Fuller test (stationarity test) revealed whether the independent variable explained the dependent. Result shows that rainfall data were normally distributed and not significantly different in the four decades studied. The trend shows a general increase in rainfall amount over 42 years while the regression model indicated that for every one year, rainfall amount increases by 1.19 mm with a base constant of 113.2 mm. The amount of water realized from rainfall in the city for 2015, 2016 and 2017 based on catchment area of 102,500,000 m<sup>2</sup> is 37,578,000, 37,742,000 and 37,967,000,315 litres per annum, representing about 3% of total water supply in the town equivalent to commercial water demand. Recommendations include revision of the existing water policy to include mandating residents and shop owners to install catchment gutters to collect rain water from their roofs, promotion of a programme of rainwater harvesting against certain barriers with respect to socio-cultural beliefs and attitudes etc.展开更多
文摘The aim of this paper is to assess the importance of Water Demand Management (WDM) strategy to the improvement of water supply and sanitation in Nigeria. Persistent water supply shortages and poor sanitation have since remained important features of the Nigerian urban and rural communities. Most often governmental solution to these problems has been to develop and exploit the available water resources and the level of sanitation for the people. This predominant approach which is also known as augmentation method is supply driven with the primary purpose being how best to meet the perceived water and sanitation demand. One of the major disadvantages of this approach is the huge financial involvement associated with it. Conversely, quite recently water resource managers have begun to direct attention on how consumers can be motivated to regulate the amount and manner in which they use and dispose water to alleviate pressure on freshwater supplies. This new approach is known as water demand management. It is demand driven in that consumers determine their own water need. Employment of WDM by consumers especially in water scarce areas as was discussed in the paper will decrease the amount of water use, thereby limiting unnecessary financial expenditure in exploiting new sources to meet the ever increasing demand.
文摘The aim of the study was to assess the contributions of rainwater to water supply of Enugu metropolitan area. To achieve this aim 42 years rainfall data (1971-2012) were collected from Enugu airport as well as the catchment area of house roofs in the town from the Ministries of Urban Development and Housing. Meteorological data (Rainfall) obtained were tested for normality, while ANOVA technique tested rainfall variance among four decades (70’s, 80’s, 90’s and 20’s) of the study. Trend and Regression analyses were utilized for the long range data. Finally, augmented Dickey-Fuller test (stationarity test) revealed whether the independent variable explained the dependent. Result shows that rainfall data were normally distributed and not significantly different in the four decades studied. The trend shows a general increase in rainfall amount over 42 years while the regression model indicated that for every one year, rainfall amount increases by 1.19 mm with a base constant of 113.2 mm. The amount of water realized from rainfall in the city for 2015, 2016 and 2017 based on catchment area of 102,500,000 m<sup>2</sup> is 37,578,000, 37,742,000 and 37,967,000,315 litres per annum, representing about 3% of total water supply in the town equivalent to commercial water demand. Recommendations include revision of the existing water policy to include mandating residents and shop owners to install catchment gutters to collect rain water from their roofs, promotion of a programme of rainwater harvesting against certain barriers with respect to socio-cultural beliefs and attitudes etc.
